Navigating gender and informality: exploring social innovation for women's economic inclusion in Kenya

Abstract

This thesis examines how social innovation (SI) affects women living in low-income areas in Kenya. SI is a flexible approach that can help overcome policy obstacles, which is particularly important during austerity measures. By promising better outcomes with fewer resources, SI addresses the shortcomings of previous welfare initiatives weakened by development efforts after colonial rule, Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) and, more recently, financial crises and COVID-19. The mixed welfare system has a significant role for state and Development partners(DPs), third-sector organisations, communities and families. Despite gaining global attention, SI still lacks comprehensive research. Therefore, assessing the impact of SI is crucial to ensure that its intended positive effects are realised, especially for marginalised groups.

Women in low-income areas face disproportional poverty and disadvantages that reinforce gender inequalities. This research challenges the conventional view of achieving equality and gender balance solely through economic means. Instead, it advocates for women's empowerment within the gender discourse, reconnecting with feminist principles. To guide this perspective, the research relies on the capability approach, emphasising the importance of expanding individuals' abilities to pursue valued lives. Moreover, rising informality compounds the diverse forms of discrimination and disadvantages individuals may experience, challenging the capacity for innovation and social innovation.

The qualitative case study approach captures the policy framework and its practical implementation. The research gathers and analyses data from governmental and development partner documents, interviews, and focus groups involving beneficiaries and practitioners across different cities. This study contributes to the existing SI research, particularly in the context of developing countries and women's agencies. It also offers insights into gender-sensitive solutions that promote equality, rooted in the capability approach. The primary goal is to provide valuable insights for policymakers, NGOs, and SI practitioners, encouraging them to challenge the prevailing view of inclusive growth solely based on economic factors. In essence, it enables SI to reshape the roles of government, civil society, and the market to foster sustainable, inclusive communities that enhance social welfare and overall well-being

Thesis is embargoed until 31st May 2026

Date of Award	May 2024
Original language	English
Sponsors	Department of Education (Northern Ireland)
Supervisor	Shane MacGiollabhui (Supervisor) & Markus Ketola (Supervisor)