TY - JOUR
T1 - Unraveling the Role of (Meta-) Cognitive Functions in Pacing Behavior Development during Adolescence: Planning, Monitoring, and Adaptation
AU - Menting, Stein
AU - Khudair, Mohammed
AU - Elferink-Gemser, Marije
AU - Hettinga, Florentina
PY - 2023/10/1
Y1 - 2023/10/1
N2 - Purpose: To investigate whether (meta-) cognitive functions underpin the development of the self-regulated distribution of effort during exercise (i.e. pacing) throughout adolescence. Methods: Participants included 18 adolescents (9 females, 15.6±2.5 years old) and 26 adults(13 females, 26.8±3.1 years old), all recreationally active but unfamiliar with time trial cycling. The (meta-) cognitive functions involved in pre-exercise planning were quantified by calculating the difference between estimated and actual finish time during a 4-km cycling time trial. The capability to monitor and adapt one’s effort distribution during exercise was measured during a 7-min submaximal trial, in which the participants were tasked with adhering to a set submaximal goal velocity either with (0-5 min) or without (5-7 min)additional feedback provided by the researcher. Analyses included between-group comparisons (ANOVA) and within-group comparisons (correlation) (p<0.05). Results: Adolescents were less accurate in their estimation of the task duration. The adolescents’ overestimation of task duration of the 4-km time trial was accompanied by pacing behavior characteristics resembling a longer trial (i.e. more even power output distribution, lower RPE, more pronounced end-spurt). Contrary to the adults, the adolescents deviated relatively more from the goal velocity during the 7-min submaximal trial, when no additional feedback was provided by the researcher. Within the adolescent group, estimation of task duration (r = 0.48) and adherence to goal velocity (r = 0.59) correlated with age. Conclusion: The (meta-) cognitive functions involved in the pre-exercise planning and the monitoring and adaptation of the distribution of effort during exercise underpin the development of pacing behavior during adolescence. Feedback from the (social) environment can be used to aid the monitoring and adaptation of effort expenditure in adolescents.
AB - Purpose: To investigate whether (meta-) cognitive functions underpin the development of the self-regulated distribution of effort during exercise (i.e. pacing) throughout adolescence. Methods: Participants included 18 adolescents (9 females, 15.6±2.5 years old) and 26 adults(13 females, 26.8±3.1 years old), all recreationally active but unfamiliar with time trial cycling. The (meta-) cognitive functions involved in pre-exercise planning were quantified by calculating the difference between estimated and actual finish time during a 4-km cycling time trial. The capability to monitor and adapt one’s effort distribution during exercise was measured during a 7-min submaximal trial, in which the participants were tasked with adhering to a set submaximal goal velocity either with (0-5 min) or without (5-7 min)additional feedback provided by the researcher. Analyses included between-group comparisons (ANOVA) and within-group comparisons (correlation) (p<0.05). Results: Adolescents were less accurate in their estimation of the task duration. The adolescents’ overestimation of task duration of the 4-km time trial was accompanied by pacing behavior characteristics resembling a longer trial (i.e. more even power output distribution, lower RPE, more pronounced end-spurt). Contrary to the adults, the adolescents deviated relatively more from the goal velocity during the 7-min submaximal trial, when no additional feedback was provided by the researcher. Within the adolescent group, estimation of task duration (r = 0.48) and adherence to goal velocity (r = 0.59) correlated with age. Conclusion: The (meta-) cognitive functions involved in the pre-exercise planning and the monitoring and adaptation of the distribution of effort during exercise underpin the development of pacing behavior during adolescence. Feedback from the (social) environment can be used to aid the monitoring and adaptation of effort expenditure in adolescents.
KW - Exercise
KW - cycling
KW - performance
KW - time trial
KW - adolescence
KW - cognition
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85171393223
U2 - 10.1249/mss.0000000000003225
DO - 10.1249/mss.0000000000003225
M3 - Article
SN - 0195-9131
VL - 55
SP - 1894
EP - 1904
JO - Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
JF - Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
IS - 10
ER -
