Undergraduate education and preparedness of radiographers for interventional radiology and cardiology: An international survey across Europe

Introduction
Interventional radiology (IR) and interventional cardiology (IC) are rapidly evolving fields in medical imaging that require radiographers with advanced technical and clinical skills. However, education and training for these roles are not yet standardised across Europe. This study examined how undergraduate and postgraduate programmes prepare radiographers for IR and IC roles, with a focus on teaching structure, clinical exposure, graduate competence, and training needs.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey was distributed to radiography academics and clinical educators across Europe using purposive and snowball sampling methods. The online questionnaire comprised 17 items regarding programme duration, ECTS allocation, teaching approaches, clinical placements, and postgraduate study. Descriptive statistics were employed for quantitative data, while open-ended responses were analysed thematically.
Results
Twenty-seven institutions from nine countries participated in the survey. The findings revealed significant variation in programme design (60–240 ECTS) and limited content related to IR and IC. Approximately 44 % (n = 12) of respondents indicated less than 10 h of theoretical instruction, and 37 % (n = 10) provided only 1–2 weeks of clinical exposure, with 11 % (n = 3) offering none. Only 11 % (n = 3) of graduates were perceived as ready for independent practice, while 85 % (n = 23) required supervision. About 74 % (n = 20) reported the absence of postgraduate courses. Competence assessments were primarily conducted in-house, with no national guidelines in place. Identified themes included gaps in pre-registration education, inadequate access to structured training, and minimal utilisation of simulation.
Conclusion
Radiography education in IR and IC across Europe is inconsistent and fragmented hindering graduates' readiness and mobility. European stakeholders should collaborate to develop a harmonised education and competency framework for IR and IC radiographers.
Implications for practice
A harmonised framework will enhance training quality, improve patient safety, and ensure workforce mobility.