Abstract
Purpose This viewpoint paper aims to assess a curriculum response within a specific vocational sector, hospitality, driven by the recent surge in intra EU labour migration and the ensuing increase in workplace cultural diversity.Approach The paper aims to identify an appropriate curriculum response by assessing the industry implications and proffering a conceptual model of curriculum response.Findings The experience across business sectors, such as hospitality, emphasises the need for training that is geared to meet the needs of both international and indigenous employees and that, critically, intercultural issues represent a significant training gap. It is posited that the curriculum response is multifaceted embracing the need to address course content, learning outcomes, assessment methods and the training needs of educators.Originality/value The paper is targeted at academics within applied business education, specifically in those areas of the services sector that have experienced significant labour migration in recent years. It is also of wider value to those involved in curricula design in a vocational context.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 350-363 |
| Journal | Education + Training |
| Volume | 49 |
| Issue number | 5 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Accepted/In press - 29 Aug 2007 |
Bibliographical note
Reference text: Adler, P.A. and Adler, P. (2004), Paradise Laborers: Hotel Work in the Global Economy, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER2.
Barron, P. (2004), “The learning style preferences of international students studying hospitality and tourism management in Australia: a focus on Confucian heritage students”, paper presented at the CAUTHE 2004: Creating Knowledge, Brisbane. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
3.
Baum, T. (1991), “Management trainees in the hotel industry; what do managers expect?”, Journal of European Industrial Training, Vol. 15 No. 2, pp. 3‐8. [Link]OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER [Infotrieve]
4.
Baum, T. (2006), Human Resource Management for Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure: An International Perspective, Thomson, London. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
5.
Baum, T. (2007), “Human resources in tourism: still waiting for change”, Tourism Management (forthcoming). OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
6.
Breitborde, M. (1993), “Multicultural education in the classroom (teacher education)”, Childhood Education, Vol. 69 No. 4, p. 224. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER [Infotrieve]
7.
Brewster, C. and Harris, S. (1999), International Human Resource Management: Contemporary Issues in Europe, Routledge, London. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
8.
Brislin, R.W., Cushner, K., Cherrie, C. and Yong, M. (1986), Inter‐cultural Interactions: A Practical Guide, Sage, Beverly Hills, CA. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
9.
Caball, K. (2005), Managing director of the Restaurant Association of Ireland Placement Services Ltd, in Saavedra, J. (2005), “Culture club”, Hotel and Catering Review, September, pp. 12‐14. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
10.
Chan, C.S. and Treacy, M.J. (1996), “Resistance in multicultural courses: student, faculty, and classroom dynamics”, American Behavioural Scientist, Vol. 40 No. 2, pp. 212‐22. [CrossRef], [ISI]OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER [Infotrieve]
11.
DAWN (2004), Managing Diversity in the Workplace Handbook: Focusing on the Employment of Migrant Workers, NCCRI, Dublin. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
12.
Devine, F., Baum, T., Hearns, N. and Devine, A. (2006), “Cultural diversity in hospitality work: the Northern Ireland experience”, International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 18 No. 2, pp. 333‐49. [CrossRef], [ISI]OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER [Infotrieve]
13.
D'Netto, B. and Sohal, A. (1999), “Human resource practices and workforce diversity: an empirical assessment”, International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 20 No. 8, pp. 530‐47. [Link], [ISI]OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER [Infotrieve]
14.
Ehrich, L. (2003), “Phenomenology: the quest for meaning”, in O'Donoghue, T. and Punch, K. (Eds), Qualitative Educational Research in Action, Routledge Falmer, London. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
15.
Fáilte Ireland (2005), Cultural Diversity Strategy and Implementation Plan, Fáilte Ireland, Dublin. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
16.
Fás (2005), National Skills Bulletin 2005, Fás, Dublin. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
17.
Gabriel, Y. (1988), Working Lives in Catering, Routledge and Keegan Paul, London. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
18.
Gannon, J. (2006), “Guilty of the same mistakes? The absence of intercultural skills in international management programmes”, Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Network, Oxford, available at: www.hlst.heacademy.ac.uk/resources/publications.html (accessed 7 February 2007). OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
19.
Gannon, M. (2000), Understanding Global Cultures: Metaphorical Journeys Through 23 Nations, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
20.
Getz, D., Carlsen, J. and Morrison, A. (2004), The Family Business in Tourism and Hospitality, CABI, Wallingford. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
21.
Gröschl, S. and Doherty, L. (1999), “Managing diversity in practice”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 11 No. 6, pp. 193‐8. [Link]OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER [Infotrieve]
22.
Gudykunst, W.B. and Kim, Y.Y. (1992), Communicating with Strangers: An Approach to Intercultural Communication, 2nd ed., McGraw‐Hill, New York, NY. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
23.
Hofstede, G. (1980), “Motivation, leadership and organisation: do American theories apply abroad?”, Organisational Dynamics, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 55‐6. [CrossRef], [ISI]OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER [Infotrieve]
24.
Hofstede, G. (1983), “The cultural relativity of organisational practices and theories”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 75‐89. [CrossRef], [ISI]OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER [Infotrieve]
25.
Hofstede, G. (1997), Cultures and Organisations: Software of the Mind, McGraw Hill, London. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
26.
Hofstede, G. (2001), Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviours, Institutions, and Organisations across Nations, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
27.
Holland, K. (2005), “Report calls for acceptance of immigration”, The Irish Times, 12 August, p. 7. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
28.
Hoque, K. (2000), Human Resource Management in the Hotel Industry: Strategy, Innovation and Performance, Routledge, London. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
29.
IEBE (2004), Survey of International Students in Recognised HEIs in Ireland, The International Education Board Ireland, Dublin. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
30.
Ibarra, H. (1992), “Homophily and differential returns: sex differences in network structure and access in an advertising firm”, In Tayeb, M.H. (1996), The Management of a Multicultural Workforce, Wiley, Chichester. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
31.
Jarman, N. (2004), “Migrant workers in Northern Ireland”, Labour Market Bulletin, Vol. 18, pp. 51‐9. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
32.
Kandola, R. and Fullerton, J. (1998), Diversity in Action, 2nd ed., CIPD, London. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
33.
Kato, K. (2001), “Exploring ‘Cultures of learning’: a case of Japanese and Australian classrooms”, Journal of Intercultural Studies, Vol. 22 No. 1, p. 51. [CrossRef]OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER [Infotrieve]
34.
Kreitner, R. (2004), Management, 9th ed., Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
35.
Lashley, C. and Morrison, A. (Eds) (2000), In Search of Hospitality, Butterworth‐Heinemann, Oxford. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
36.
Mars, G. and Nicod, M. (1984), The World of Waiters, Allen and Unwin, London. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
37.
Meddenhall, M. and Oddou, G. (1985), “The dimensions of expatriate acculturation: a review”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 39‐47. [ISI]OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER [Infotrieve]
38.
Melia, D.M. and Kennedy, E. (2005), Cultural Diversity: A Management Perspective, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
39.
O'Connell, S. (2005), “How to make foreign staff feel at home”, The Sunday Times, 10 March, p. 9. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
40.
OFMDFM (2005), A Racial Equality Strategy for Northern Ireland, Office of the First Minister and Deputy First Minister, Belfast. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
41.
Paton, N. (2005), “Sourcing labour from Eastern Europe”, Personnel Today, 8 March, available at: www.personneltoday.com/Articles/2005/03/08/28389/sourcing‐labour‐from‐eastern‐europe.html (accessed 18 March 2005). OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
42.
Powell, G.N. and Butterfield, D.A. (1994), “Race, gender and the glass ceiling: an empirical study of actual promotions to top management”, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Dallas, TX. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
43.
Raybould, M. and Wilkins, H. (2005), “Over qualified and under experienced turning graduates into hospitality managers”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 17 No. 3, pp. 203‐16. [Link]OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER [Infotrieve]
44.
Saavedra, J. (2005), “Culture club”, Hotel and Catering Review, September, pp. 12‐14. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
45.
Seymour, D. and Constanti, P. (2002), “University hospitality education for international management: a case of wasted opportunities?”, Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education, Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 3‐13. [CrossRef]OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER [Infotrieve]
46.
Tayeb, M.H. (1996), The Management of a Multicultural Workforce, Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
47.
Torrington, D. and Hall, L. (2002), Human Resource Management Practice, 9th ed., Pearson Education, Harlow. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
48.
Tung, R.L. (1984), “Strategic management of human resources in the multinational enterprise”, Human Resource Management, Vol. 23 No. 2, pp. 129‐43. [CrossRef]OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER [Infotrieve]
49.
Tung, R. (1988), The New Expatriates, Ballinger, Cambridge, MA. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
50.
Tung, R. (1993), “Managing cross‐national and intra‐national diversity”, Human Resource Management Journal, Vol. 23 No. 4, pp. 461‐77. [CrossRef], [ISI]OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER [Infotrieve]
51.
Wood, R. (1997), Working in Hotels and Catering, 2nd ed., International Thomson Business Press, London. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
52.
Woods, R. (1992), Managing Hospitality Human Resources, Educational Institute of the American Hotel and Motel Association, East Lansing, MI. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
Further Reading
1.
Baum, T. and Devine, F. (2005), “Skills and the service sector: the case of hotel front office employment in Northern Ireland”, paper presented at the Tourism and Hospitality Research in Ireland: Exploring the Issues Conference, Portrush, 14‐15 June. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
2.
Christensen‐Hughes, J. (1992), “Cultural diversity; the lesson of Toronto's hotels”, Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol. 33 No. 2, pp. 78‐87. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER [Infotrieve]
3.
Cockburn, C. (1989), “Equal opportunities: the long and short agenda”, Industrial Relations Journal, Vol. 20, Autumn, pp. 213‐25. [CrossRef]OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER [Infotrieve]
4.
Dooley, C. (2005), “Exploitation in land of opportunity”, The Irish Times, Vol. 22, available at: www.ireland.com (accessed 22 June 2005). OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
5.
Ellis, C. and Sonnenfield, J.A. (1994), “Diverse approaches to managing diversity”, Human Resource Management, Vol. 33 No. 1, pp. 79‐109. [CrossRef], [ISI]OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER [Infotrieve]
6.
Holmquist, K. (2005), “Eastern promise”, The Irish Times, 4 April, available at: www.ireland.com (accessed 29 June 2005). OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
7.
Jackson, S., May, K. and Whitney, K. (1995), “Understanding the dynamics of diversity in decision‐making teams”, in Guzzo, R. and Salas, E. and Associates (Eds), Team Effectiveness in Decision Making in Organizations, Jossey‐Bass, San Francisco, CA, pp. 204‐61. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
8.
Jenner, L. (1994), “Diversity management: what does it mean?”, Industrial Management, Vol. 36 No. 1, p. 11. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER [Infotrieve]
9.
Kirton, G. and Greene, A. (2000), The Dynamics of Managing Diversity, Butterworth Heinemann. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
10.
Lee, C. and Chon, K.S. (2000), “An investigation of multicultural training practices in the restaurant industry: the training cycle approach”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 12 No. 2, pp. 126‐34. [Link]OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER [Infotrieve]
11.
Lucas, R. and Deery, M. (2004), “Significant developments and emerging issues in human resource management”, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 23 No. 5, pp. 459‐72. [CrossRef]OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER [Infotrieve]
12.
Maxwell, G., McDougall, M. and Blair, S. (2000), “Managing diversity in the hotel sector: the emergence of a service quality opportunity”, Managing Service Quality, Vol. 10 No. 6, pp. 367‐73. [Link]OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER [Infotrieve]
13.
Roosevelt, T. (1990), “Affirmative action or affirming diversity”, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 90 No. 2, pp. 107‐17. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER [Infotrieve]
14.
Ross, R. and Schneider, R. (1992), From Diversity to Equality: a Business Case for Equal Opportunities, Pitman Publishing, London. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
15.
Shaw, J. and Barrett‐Power, E. (1998), “The effects of diversity on small work group processes and performance”, Human Relations, Vol. 51 No. 10, pp. 1307‐25. [ISI]OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER [Infotrieve]
16.
Thomas, R.R. and Gregory, T.A. (1994), “A diversity perspective on the language challenge”, Employment Relations Today, Vol. 20 No. 4, pp. 363‐76. [CrossRef]OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER [Infotrieve]
17.
Victor, D.A. (1992), International Business Communication, HarperCollins, New York, NY. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
18.
Williams, A. (2005), “Tourism, migration and human capital: knowledge and skills at the intersection of flows”, paper presented at the 9th Bi‐annual Meeting of the International Academy for the Study of Tourism, Beijing. OpenURL UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER
Keywords
- Migrant workers
- labour mobility
- Hospitality services
- cross-cultural management
- multicultural management
- curriculum development