Porous yolk-shell particle engineering via nonsolvent-assisted trineedle coaxial electrospraying for burn-related wound healing

Yolk-shell particles (YSPs) have attracted increasing attention from various research fields because of their low density, large surface area, and excellent loading capacity. However, the fabrication of polymer-based porous YSPs remains a great challenge. In this work, multifunctional polycaprolactone YSPs were produced using trineedle coaxial electrospraying with a simple nonsolvent process. TiO ₂ -Ag nanoparticles and Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLPs) were encapsulated into the outer shell of the YSPs as the major antibacterial and antioxidant components, whereas iron oxide (Fe ₃ O ₄ ) nanoparticles were incorporated into the inner core to act as a photothermal agent. The morphology and structure, chemical composition, biocompatibility, antioxidant, and antibacterial effects of the fabricated YSPs, photothermal effects, and the release profile of the encapsulated GLP were studied in vitro. Furthermore, the in vivo wound healing effects of the YSPs and the laser-assisted therapy were explored based on a burn wound model on c57 mice.