TY - JOUR
T1 - Periodically aperiodic pattern of SARS-CoV-2 mutations underpins the uncertainty of its origin and evolution
AU - Hassan, Sk Sarif
AU - Basu, Pallab
AU - Redwan, Elrashdy M.
AU - Lundstrom, Kenneth
AU - Choudhury, Pabitra Pal
AU - Serrano-aroca, Angel
AU - Azad, Gajendra Kumar
AU - Aljabali, Alaa A.a.
AU - Palu, Giorgio
AU - El-aziz, Tarek Mohamed Abd
AU - Barh, Debmalya
AU - Uhal, Bruce D.
AU - Adadi, Parise
AU - Takayama, Kazuo
AU - Bazan, Nicolas G.
AU - Tambuwala, Murtaza
AU - Lal, Amos
AU - Chauhan, Gaurav
AU - Baetas-da-cruz, Wagner
AU - Sherchan, Samendra P.
AU - Uversky, Vladimir N.
N1 - Funding Information:
We gratefully acknowledge the authors from laboratories responsible for obtaining the specimens and submitting sequence data, shared via the GISAID Initiative, on which this research is based.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Elsevier Inc.
PY - 2022/3/1
Y1 - 2022/3/1
N2 - Various lineages of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) have contributed to prolongation of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Several non-synonymous mutations in SARS-CoV-2 proteins have generated multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants. In our previous report, we have shown that an evenly uneven distribution of unique protein variants of SARS-CoV-2 is geo-location or demography-specific. However, the correlation between the demographic transmutability of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and mutations in various proteins remains unknown due to hidden symmetry/asymmetry in the occurrence of mutations. This study tracked how these mutations are emerging in SARS-CoV-2 proteins in six model countries and globally. In a geo-location, considering the mutations having a frequency of detection of at least 500 in each SARS-CoV-2 protein, we studied the country-wise percentage of invariant residues. Our data revealed that since October 2020, highly frequent mutations in SARS-CoV-2 have been observed mostly in the Open Reading Frame (ORF) 7b and ORF8, worldwide. No such highly frequent mutations in any of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins were found in the UK, India, and Brazil, which does not correlate with the degree of transmissibility of the virus in India and Brazil. However, we have found a signature that SARS-CoV-2 proteins were evolving at a higher rate, and considering global data, mutations are detected in the majority of the available amino acid locations. Fractal analysis of each protein's normalized factor time series showed a periodically aperiodic emergence of dominant variants for SARS-CoV-2 protein mutations across different countries. It was noticed that certain high-frequency variants have emerged in the last couple of months, and thus the emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains are expected to contain prevalent mutations in the ORF3a, membrane, and ORF8 proteins. In contrast to other beta-coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 variants have rapidly emerged based on demographically dependent mutations. Characterization of the periodically aperiodic nature of the demographic spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants in various countries can contribute to the identification of the origin of SARS-CoV-2.
AB - Various lineages of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) have contributed to prolongation of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Several non-synonymous mutations in SARS-CoV-2 proteins have generated multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants. In our previous report, we have shown that an evenly uneven distribution of unique protein variants of SARS-CoV-2 is geo-location or demography-specific. However, the correlation between the demographic transmutability of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and mutations in various proteins remains unknown due to hidden symmetry/asymmetry in the occurrence of mutations. This study tracked how these mutations are emerging in SARS-CoV-2 proteins in six model countries and globally. In a geo-location, considering the mutations having a frequency of detection of at least 500 in each SARS-CoV-2 protein, we studied the country-wise percentage of invariant residues. Our data revealed that since October 2020, highly frequent mutations in SARS-CoV-2 have been observed mostly in the Open Reading Frame (ORF) 7b and ORF8, worldwide. No such highly frequent mutations in any of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins were found in the UK, India, and Brazil, which does not correlate with the degree of transmissibility of the virus in India and Brazil. However, we have found a signature that SARS-CoV-2 proteins were evolving at a higher rate, and considering global data, mutations are detected in the majority of the available amino acid locations. Fractal analysis of each protein's normalized factor time series showed a periodically aperiodic emergence of dominant variants for SARS-CoV-2 protein mutations across different countries. It was noticed that certain high-frequency variants have emerged in the last couple of months, and thus the emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains are expected to contain prevalent mutations in the ORF3a, membrane, and ORF8 proteins. In contrast to other beta-coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 variants have rapidly emerged based on demographically dependent mutations. Characterization of the periodically aperiodic nature of the demographic spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants in various countries can contribute to the identification of the origin of SARS-CoV-2.
KW - Aperiodically periodic
KW - Invariant residues
KW - Mutations
KW - Relative frequency
KW - SARS-CoV-2
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85116389692&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0013935121013876
U2 - 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112092
DO - 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112092
M3 - Article
C2 - 34562480
VL - 204
JO - Environmental Research
JF - Environmental Research
SN - 0013-9351
IS - Pt B
M1 - 112092
ER -
