Organic Degradation Potential of Real Greywater Using TiO2-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes

Dheaya Alrousan; Arsalan Afkhami; Khalid Bani-Melhem; PSM Dunlop

doi:10.3390/w12102811

Organic Degradation Potential of Real Greywater Using TiO2-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes

Dheaya Alrousan, Arsalan Afkhami, Khalid Bani-Melhem, PSM Dunlop

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Abstract

In keeping with the circular economy approach, reclaiming greywater (GW) is considered a sustainable approach to local reuse of wastewater and a viable option to reduce household demand for freshwater. This study investigated the mineralization of total organic carbon (TOC) in GW using TiO ₂-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in a custom-built stirred tank reactor. The combinations of H ₂O ₂, O ₃, and immobilized TiO ₂ under either dark or UVA irradiation conditions were systematically evaluated—namely TiO ₂/dark, O ₃/dark (ozonation), H ₂O ₂/dark (peroxidation), TiO ₂/UVA (photocatalysis), O ₃/UVA (Ozone photolysis), H ₂O ₂/UVA (photo-peroxidation), O ₃/TiO ₂/dark (catalytic ozonation), O ₃/TiO ₂/UVA (photocatalytic ozonation), H ₂O ₂/TiO ₂/dark, H ₂O ₂/TiO ₂/UVA, H ₂O ₂/O ₃/dark (peroxonation), H ₂O ₂/O ₃/UVA (photo-peroxonation), H ₂O ₂/O ₃/TiO ₂/dark (catalytic peroxonation), and H ₂O ₂/O ₃/TiO ₂/UVA (photocatalytic peroxonation). It was found that combining different treatment methods with UVA irradiation dramatically enhanced the organic mineralization efficiency. The optimum TiO ₂ loading in this study was observed to be 0.96 mg/cm ² with the highest TOC removal (54%) achieved using photocatalytic peroxonation under optimal conditions (0.96 mg TiO ₂ /cm ², 25 mg O ₃ /min, and 0.7 H ₂O ₂ /O ₃ molar ratio). In peroxonation and photo-peroxonation, the optimal H ₂O ₂ /O ₃ molar ratio was identified to be a critical efficiency parameter maximizing the production of reactive radical species. Increasing ozone flow rate or H ₂O ₂ dosage was observed to cause an efficiency inhibition effect. This lab-based study demonstrates the potential for combined TiO ₂-AOP treatments to significantly reduce the organic fraction of real GW, offering potential for the development of low-cost systems permitting safe GW reuse.

Original language	English
Article number	2811
Number of pages	18
Journal	Water
Volume	12
Issue number	10
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102811
Publication status	Published (in print/issue) - 10 Oct 2020

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This research was funded by The Deanship of Scientific Research at The Hashemite University, Ulster University?s VCRS Postgraduate Scholarship Scheme and SAFEWATER project sponsored by Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) UK Research and Innovation (SAFEWATER; EPSRC Grant Reference EP/P032427/1). Authors would like to thank The Deanship of Scientific Research at The Hashemite University for the financial support provided for conducting this study. In addition, AA acknowledges support from Ulster University?s VCRS Postgraduate Scholarship Scheme with AA and PSMD grateful for support from the SAFEWATER project sponsored by Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) UK Research and Innovation (SAFEWATER; EPSRC Grant Reference EP/P032427/1).

Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Keywords

Advanced oxidation processes
Greywater
Ozonation
Peroxidation
Peroxonation
Photocatalysis
Photolysis
TiO

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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Alrousan et al 2020 Water 12-02811Final published version, 3.18 MBLicence: CC BY

Cite this

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title = "Organic Degradation Potential of Real Greywater Using TiO2-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes",

abstract = "In keeping with the circular economy approach, reclaiming greywater (GW) is considered a sustainable approach to local reuse of wastewater and a viable option to reduce household demand for freshwater. This study investigated the mineralization of total organic carbon (TOC) in GW using TiO 2-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in a custom-built stirred tank reactor. The combinations of H 2O 2, O 3, and immobilized TiO 2 under either dark or UVA irradiation conditions were systematically evaluated—namely TiO 2/dark, O 3/dark (ozonation), H 2O 2/dark (peroxidation), TiO 2/UVA (photocatalysis), O 3/UVA (Ozone photolysis), H 2O 2/UVA (photo-peroxidation), O 3/TiO 2/dark (catalytic ozonation), O 3/TiO 2/UVA (photocatalytic ozonation), H 2O 2/TiO 2/dark, H 2O 2/TiO 2/UVA, H 2O 2/O 3/dark (peroxonation), H 2O 2/O 3/UVA (photo-peroxonation), H 2O 2/O 3/TiO 2/dark (catalytic peroxonation), and H 2O 2/O 3/TiO 2/UVA (photocatalytic peroxonation). It was found that combining different treatment methods with UVA irradiation dramatically enhanced the organic mineralization efficiency. The optimum TiO 2 loading in this study was observed to be 0.96 mg/cm 2 with the highest TOC removal (54%) achieved using photocatalytic peroxonation under optimal conditions (0.96 mg TiO 2 /cm 2, 25 mg O 3 /min, and 0.7 H 2O 2 /O 3 molar ratio). In peroxonation and photo-peroxonation, the optimal H 2O 2 /O 3 molar ratio was identified to be a critical efficiency parameter maximizing the production of reactive radical species. Increasing ozone flow rate or H 2O 2 dosage was observed to cause an efficiency inhibition effect. This lab-based study demonstrates the potential for combined TiO 2-AOP treatments to significantly reduce the organic fraction of real GW, offering potential for the development of low-cost systems permitting safe GW reuse. ",

keywords = "Advanced oxidation processes, Greywater, Ozonation, Peroxidation, Peroxonation, Photocatalysis, Photolysis, TiO",

author = "Dheaya Alrousan and Arsalan Afkhami and Khalid Bani-Melhem and PSM Dunlop",

note = "Funding Information: This research was funded by The Deanship of Scientific Research at The Hashemite University, Ulster University?s VCRS Postgraduate Scholarship Scheme and SAFEWATER project sponsored by Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) UK Research and Innovation (SAFEWATER; EPSRC Grant Reference EP/P032427/1). Authors would like to thank The Deanship of Scientific Research at The Hashemite University for the financial support provided for conducting this study. In addition, AA acknowledges support from Ulster University?s VCRS Postgraduate Scholarship Scheme with AA and PSMD grateful for support from the SAFEWATER project sponsored by Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) UK Research and Innovation (SAFEWATER; EPSRC Grant Reference EP/P032427/1). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.",

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doi = "10.3390/w12102811",

language = "English",

volume = "12",

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T1 - Organic Degradation Potential of Real Greywater Using TiO2-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes

AU - Alrousan, Dheaya

AU - Afkhami, Arsalan

AU - Bani-Melhem, Khalid

AU - Dunlop, PSM

N1 - Funding Information: This research was funded by The Deanship of Scientific Research at The Hashemite University, Ulster University?s VCRS Postgraduate Scholarship Scheme and SAFEWATER project sponsored by Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) UK Research and Innovation (SAFEWATER; EPSRC Grant Reference EP/P032427/1). Authors would like to thank The Deanship of Scientific Research at The Hashemite University for the financial support provided for conducting this study. In addition, AA acknowledges support from Ulster University?s VCRS Postgraduate Scholarship Scheme with AA and PSMD grateful for support from the SAFEWATER project sponsored by Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) UK Research and Innovation (SAFEWATER; EPSRC Grant Reference EP/P032427/1). Publisher Copyright: © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

PY - 2020/10/10

Y1 - 2020/10/10

N2 - In keeping with the circular economy approach, reclaiming greywater (GW) is considered a sustainable approach to local reuse of wastewater and a viable option to reduce household demand for freshwater. This study investigated the mineralization of total organic carbon (TOC) in GW using TiO 2-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in a custom-built stirred tank reactor. The combinations of H 2O 2, O 3, and immobilized TiO 2 under either dark or UVA irradiation conditions were systematically evaluated—namely TiO 2/dark, O 3/dark (ozonation), H 2O 2/dark (peroxidation), TiO 2/UVA (photocatalysis), O 3/UVA (Ozone photolysis), H 2O 2/UVA (photo-peroxidation), O 3/TiO 2/dark (catalytic ozonation), O 3/TiO 2/UVA (photocatalytic ozonation), H 2O 2/TiO 2/dark, H 2O 2/TiO 2/UVA, H 2O 2/O 3/dark (peroxonation), H 2O 2/O 3/UVA (photo-peroxonation), H 2O 2/O 3/TiO 2/dark (catalytic peroxonation), and H 2O 2/O 3/TiO 2/UVA (photocatalytic peroxonation). It was found that combining different treatment methods with UVA irradiation dramatically enhanced the organic mineralization efficiency. The optimum TiO 2 loading in this study was observed to be 0.96 mg/cm 2 with the highest TOC removal (54%) achieved using photocatalytic peroxonation under optimal conditions (0.96 mg TiO 2 /cm 2, 25 mg O 3 /min, and 0.7 H 2O 2 /O 3 molar ratio). In peroxonation and photo-peroxonation, the optimal H 2O 2 /O 3 molar ratio was identified to be a critical efficiency parameter maximizing the production of reactive radical species. Increasing ozone flow rate or H 2O 2 dosage was observed to cause an efficiency inhibition effect. This lab-based study demonstrates the potential for combined TiO 2-AOP treatments to significantly reduce the organic fraction of real GW, offering potential for the development of low-cost systems permitting safe GW reuse.

AB - In keeping with the circular economy approach, reclaiming greywater (GW) is considered a sustainable approach to local reuse of wastewater and a viable option to reduce household demand for freshwater. This study investigated the mineralization of total organic carbon (TOC) in GW using TiO 2-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in a custom-built stirred tank reactor. The combinations of H 2O 2, O 3, and immobilized TiO 2 under either dark or UVA irradiation conditions were systematically evaluated—namely TiO 2/dark, O 3/dark (ozonation), H 2O 2/dark (peroxidation), TiO 2/UVA (photocatalysis), O 3/UVA (Ozone photolysis), H 2O 2/UVA (photo-peroxidation), O 3/TiO 2/dark (catalytic ozonation), O 3/TiO 2/UVA (photocatalytic ozonation), H 2O 2/TiO 2/dark, H 2O 2/TiO 2/UVA, H 2O 2/O 3/dark (peroxonation), H 2O 2/O 3/UVA (photo-peroxonation), H 2O 2/O 3/TiO 2/dark (catalytic peroxonation), and H 2O 2/O 3/TiO 2/UVA (photocatalytic peroxonation). It was found that combining different treatment methods with UVA irradiation dramatically enhanced the organic mineralization efficiency. The optimum TiO 2 loading in this study was observed to be 0.96 mg/cm 2 with the highest TOC removal (54%) achieved using photocatalytic peroxonation under optimal conditions (0.96 mg TiO 2 /cm 2, 25 mg O 3 /min, and 0.7 H 2O 2 /O 3 molar ratio). In peroxonation and photo-peroxonation, the optimal H 2O 2 /O 3 molar ratio was identified to be a critical efficiency parameter maximizing the production of reactive radical species. Increasing ozone flow rate or H 2O 2 dosage was observed to cause an efficiency inhibition effect. This lab-based study demonstrates the potential for combined TiO 2-AOP treatments to significantly reduce the organic fraction of real GW, offering potential for the development of low-cost systems permitting safe GW reuse.

KW - Advanced oxidation processes

KW - Greywater

KW - Ozonation

KW - Peroxidation

KW - Peroxonation

KW - Photocatalysis

KW - Photolysis

KW - TiO

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DO - 10.3390/w12102811

M3 - Article

SN - 2073-4441

VL - 12

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JF - Water

IS - 10

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ER -

Organic Degradation Potential of Real Greywater Using TiO2-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

UN SDGs

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