New Dual‐Polarised Fractal FSS Frequency Discriminators for IFM Based on Balanced Gray‐Code

Pedro Cavalcanti; Jorge Antonio Araujo; Alfredo Gomes Neto; Gabriel Gonçalves Machado; Ingryd Melo; Isaac B. T. Silva; Marcos Tavares de Melo

doi:10.1049/mia2.70129

New Dual‐Polarised Fractal FSS Frequency Discriminators for IFM Based on Balanced Gray‐Code

Pedro Cavalcanti
, Jorge Antonio Araujo
, Alfredo Gomes Neto
, Gabriel Gonçalves Machado
, Ingryd Melo
, Isaac B. T. Silva
, Marcos Tavares de Melo

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

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Abstract

Four new fractal frequency selective surfaces (FSS) wideband discriminators for instantaneous frequency measurement (IFM) systems based on the balanced Gray-code are presented in this paper. The use of a balanced binary code in the design of the discriminators enables the implementation of a 4-bit IFM system using only dual-band discriminators, operating in the 1.2–5.6 GHz range. The FSS patterns are based on recursive Sierpinski space-filling geometries, which allow a significant reduction in the size of the discriminators while enabling dual-polarisation operation. The numerical analysis is compared with the experimental data with good agreement, demonstrating the feasibility of compact low-frequency FSS-based IFM.

Original language	English
Article number	e70129
Pages (from-to)	1-8
Number of pages	8
Journal	IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation
Volume	20
Issue number	1
Early online date	19 Aug 2026
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1049/mia2.70129
Publication status	Published (in print/issue) - 30 Aug 2026

Bibliographical note

Data Availability Statement

Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

Funding

This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brazil (CAPES)—Process no. 88887.465354/2019-00 and CAPES Print (88887.370797/2019-00).

Funder number
88887.465354/2019‐00, 88887.370797/2019‐00

Keywords

fractals
frequency selective suurfacesrfaces
radiofrequency identification
frequency selective surfaces

Access to Document

10.1049/mia2.70129Licence: CC BY

IET Microwaves Antenna Prop - 2026 - Cavalcanti - New Dual‐Polarised Fractal FSS Frequency Discriminators for IFM BasedFinal published version, 1.72 MBLicence: CC BY

Cite this

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title = "New Dual‐Polarised Fractal FSS Frequency Discriminators for IFM Based on Balanced Gray‐Code",

abstract = "Four new fractal frequency selective surfaces (FSS) wideband discriminators for instantaneous frequency measurement (IFM) systems based on the balanced Gray-code are presented in this paper. The use of a balanced binary code in the design of the discriminators enables the implementation of a 4-bit IFM system using only dual-band discriminators, operating in the 1.2–5.6 GHz range. The FSS patterns are based on recursive Sierpinski space-filling geometries, which allow a significant reduction in the size of the discriminators while enabling dual-polarisation operation. The numerical analysis is compared with the experimental data with good agreement, demonstrating the feasibility of compact low-frequency FSS-based IFM.",

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AU - Cavalcanti, Pedro

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AU - Machado, Gabriel Gonçalves

AU - Melo, Ingryd

AU - Silva, Isaac B. T.

AU - de Melo, Marcos Tavares

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AB - Four new fractal frequency selective surfaces (FSS) wideband discriminators for instantaneous frequency measurement (IFM) systems based on the balanced Gray-code are presented in this paper. The use of a balanced binary code in the design of the discriminators enables the implementation of a 4-bit IFM system using only dual-band discriminators, operating in the 1.2–5.6 GHz range. The FSS patterns are based on recursive Sierpinski space-filling geometries, which allow a significant reduction in the size of the discriminators while enabling dual-polarisation operation. The numerical analysis is compared with the experimental data with good agreement, demonstrating the feasibility of compact low-frequency FSS-based IFM.

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New Dual‐Polarised Fractal FSS Frequency Discriminators for IFM Based on Balanced Gray‐Code

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Data Availability Statement

Funding

Keywords

Access to Document

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