Liquid hydrogen refuelling at HRS: Description of sLH2 concept, modelling approach and results of numerical simulations

Vladimir Molkov; Hazhir Ebne-Abbasi; Dmitriy Makarov

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.10.392

Liquid hydrogen refuelling at HRS: Description of sLH2 concept, modelling approach and results of numerical simulations

Vladimir Molkov
, Hazhir Ebne-Abbasi
, Dmitriy Makarov

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

17 Citations (Scopus)

643 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

The paper considers the concept of efficient liquid hydrogen (LH2) refuelling at hydrogen refuelling stations (HRS), presents modelling approach and 3D transient CFD simulation results. The concept is based on the advantages of transforming hydrogen from equilibrium to a non-equilibrium sub-cooled state (sLH2) during compression at pump. The modelling approach comprises a thermodynamic model of LH2 transfer from the HRS tank to the pump exit and a two-phase CFD model from the pump exit through the HRS equipment, i.e. pipes with bends, automatic valve, breakaway, nozzle, and manifold to onboard storage tanks. Due to the absence of published experimental data, the modelling approach and simulations are verified against conceptual LH2 refuelling process available in the literature. The CFD model reproduces key LH2 refuelling parameters: flow rate, pressure, temperature dynamics, including non-uniform temperature in onboard tanks and predicts pipe cooldown from 88K to allowable temperatures corridor of 23.9–26.5 K.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	285-296
Number of pages	12
Journal	International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
Volume	93
Early online date	2 Nov 2024
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.10.392
Publication status	Published (in print/issue) - 3 Dec 2024

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 The Authors

Funding

This research has received funding from UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) through the Centre for Doctoral Training in Sustainable Hydrogen (SusHy), Grant EP/S023909/1; through Durham University via the EPSRC Network-H2 Grant, EP/S032134/1; and Tier 2 Northern Ireland High-Performance Computing facility (NI-HPC Kelvin-2), Grant EP/T022175/1. The study is supported by the UK Department for Transport, as part of the UK Shipping Office for Reducing Emissions (UK SHORE) Programme, and the EPSRC (UK National Clean Maritime Research Hub, Grant EP/Y024605/1). This work was undertaken as part of the DelHyVEHR project No. 101137743 supported by the Clean Hydrogen Partnership and its members where Ulster University is supported by UKRI grant No.10110515. Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the Clean Hydrogen Partnership. Neither the European Union nor the Clean Hydrogen Partnership can be held responsible for them. This research has received funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) of the UK through the Centre for Doctoral Training in Sustainable Hydrogen (SusHy), Grant EP/S023909/1; through Durham University via the EPSRC Network-H2 Grant, EP/S032134/1; and Tier 2 Northern Ireland High-Performance Computing facility (NI-HPC Kelvin-2), Grant EP/T022175/1. The study is supported by the UK Department for Transport, as part of the UK Shipping Office for Reducing Emissions (UK SHORE) Programme, and the EPSRC (UK National Clean Maritime Research Hub, Grant EP/Y024605/1). This work was undertaken as part of the DelHyVEHR project No. 101137743 supported by the Clean Hydrogen Partnership and its members where Ulster University is supported by UKRI grant No.10110515. Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the Clean Hydrogen Partnership. Neither the European Union nor the Clean Hydrogen Partnership can be held responsible for them.

Funders	Funder number
European Commission
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
Durham University	EP/T022175/1, EP/S032134/1
Durham University
EP/Y024605/1, 101137743
10110515
EP/S023909/1

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 7 Affordable and Clean Energy

Keywords

HRS equipment
Liquid hydrogen refuelling
Thermodynamic model
Two-phase CFD model
Verification

Access to Document

10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.10.392

1-s2.0-S0360319924046044-main (1)Final published version, 5.87 MBLicence: CC BY-NC-ND

Cite this

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title = "Liquid hydrogen refuelling at HRS: Description of sLH2 concept, modelling approach and results of numerical simulations",

abstract = "The paper considers the concept of efficient liquid hydrogen (LH2) refuelling at hydrogen refuelling stations (HRS), presents modelling approach and 3D transient CFD simulation results. The concept is based on the advantages of transforming hydrogen from equilibrium to a non-equilibrium sub-cooled state (sLH2) during compression at pump. The modelling approach comprises a thermodynamic model of LH2 transfer from the HRS tank to the pump exit and a two-phase CFD model from the pump exit through the HRS equipment, i.e. pipes with bends, automatic valve, breakaway, nozzle, and manifold to onboard storage tanks. Due to the absence of published experimental data, the modelling approach and simulations are verified against conceptual LH2 refuelling process available in the literature. The CFD model reproduces key LH2 refuelling parameters: flow rate, pressure, temperature dynamics, including non-uniform temperature in onboard tanks and predicts pipe cooldown from 88K to allowable temperatures corridor of 23.9–26.5 K.",

keywords = "HRS equipment, Liquid hydrogen refuelling, Thermodynamic model, Two-phase CFD model, Verification",

author = "Vladimir Molkov and Hazhir Ebne-Abbasi and Dmitriy Makarov",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2024 The Authors",

year = "2024",

month = dec,

day = "3",

doi = "10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.10.392",

language = "English",

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AU - Molkov, Vladimir

AU - Ebne-Abbasi, Hazhir

AU - Makarov, Dmitriy

PY - 2024/12/3

Y1 - 2024/12/3

N2 - The paper considers the concept of efficient liquid hydrogen (LH2) refuelling at hydrogen refuelling stations (HRS), presents modelling approach and 3D transient CFD simulation results. The concept is based on the advantages of transforming hydrogen from equilibrium to a non-equilibrium sub-cooled state (sLH2) during compression at pump. The modelling approach comprises a thermodynamic model of LH2 transfer from the HRS tank to the pump exit and a two-phase CFD model from the pump exit through the HRS equipment, i.e. pipes with bends, automatic valve, breakaway, nozzle, and manifold to onboard storage tanks. Due to the absence of published experimental data, the modelling approach and simulations are verified against conceptual LH2 refuelling process available in the literature. The CFD model reproduces key LH2 refuelling parameters: flow rate, pressure, temperature dynamics, including non-uniform temperature in onboard tanks and predicts pipe cooldown from 88K to allowable temperatures corridor of 23.9–26.5 K.

AB - The paper considers the concept of efficient liquid hydrogen (LH2) refuelling at hydrogen refuelling stations (HRS), presents modelling approach and 3D transient CFD simulation results. The concept is based on the advantages of transforming hydrogen from equilibrium to a non-equilibrium sub-cooled state (sLH2) during compression at pump. The modelling approach comprises a thermodynamic model of LH2 transfer from the HRS tank to the pump exit and a two-phase CFD model from the pump exit through the HRS equipment, i.e. pipes with bends, automatic valve, breakaway, nozzle, and manifold to onboard storage tanks. Due to the absence of published experimental data, the modelling approach and simulations are verified against conceptual LH2 refuelling process available in the literature. The CFD model reproduces key LH2 refuelling parameters: flow rate, pressure, temperature dynamics, including non-uniform temperature in onboard tanks and predicts pipe cooldown from 88K to allowable temperatures corridor of 23.9–26.5 K.

KW - HRS equipment

KW - Liquid hydrogen refuelling

KW - Thermodynamic model

KW - Two-phase CFD model

KW - Verification

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U2 - 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.10.392

DO - 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.10.392

M3 - Article

SN - 0360-3199

VL - 93

SP - 285

EP - 296

JO - International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

JF - International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

ER -

Liquid hydrogen refuelling at HRS: Description of sLH2 concept, modelling approach and results of numerical simulations

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funding

UN SDGs

Keywords

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Heat and mass transfer in hydrogen fuelling systems: CFD studies of refuelling process in the entire equipment of a hydrogen refuelling station and dispersion analysis

Cite this

Liquid hydrogen refuelling at HRS: Description of sLH2 concept, modelling approach and results of numerical simulations

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funding

UN SDGs

Keywords

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Student theses

Heat and mass transfer in hydrogen fuelling systems: CFD studies of refuelling process in the entire equipment of a hydrogen refuelling station and dispersion analysis

Cite this