Linear QR Architecture for a Single Chip Adaptive Beamformer

G Lightbody; R Walke; R Woods; J McCanny

doi:10.1023/A:1008118711904

Linear QR Architecture for a Single Chip Adaptive Beamformer

G Lightbody, R Walke, R Woods, J McCanny

Faculty Of Computing, Eng. & Built Env.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

23 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

This paper presents the design of a novel single chip adaptive beamformer capable of performing 50 Gflops, (Giga-floating-point operations/second). The core processor is a QR array implemented on a fully efficient linear systolic architecture, derived using a mapping that allows individual processors for boundary and internal cell operations. In addition, the paper highlights a number of rapid design techniques that have been used to realise this system. These include an architecture synthesis tool for quickly developing the circuit architecture and the utilisation of a library of parameterisable silicon intellectual property (IP) cores, to rapidly develop detailed silicon designs.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	67-81
Journal	The Journal of VLSI Signal Processing
Volume	24
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008118711904
Publication status	Published (in print/issue) - 2000

Bibliographical note

Reference text: 1. L.C. Godara, “Application of antenna arrays to mobile communications, Part II: Beam-forming and direction-of-arrival considerations,” Proc. of the IEEE, Vol. 85, No. 8, pp. 1195–1245, 1997.
2. T.J. Shephard and J.G. McWhirter, “Systolic adaptive beamforming,” chap. 5, Array Processing, S. Haykin, J. Litva, and T.J. Shephard (Eds.), Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-55224, 1993, pp. 153–243.
3. C.M. Rader, “VLSI systolic arrays for adaptive nulling,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Vol. 13, No. 4, 1996, pp. 29–49.
4. C.M. Rader, “MUSE: A systolic array for adaptive nulling with 64 degrees of freedom using givens transformations and wafer scale integration,” Proc. of the Int. Conf. of Application Specific
Array Processors, pp. 277–291, 1992.
5. Kalouptsidis and Theodoridis, Adaptive System Identification and Signal Processing Algorithms, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1993.
6. S. Haykin, Adaptive Filter Theory, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1986.
7. J.M. Cioffi and T. Kailath, “Fast recursive-least-square, transversal filters for adaptive filtering,” IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing, Vol. ASSP-32, No. 2, pp. 998–1005,
1984.
8. R.L. Walke, “High sample rate givens rotations for recursive least squares,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Warwick, 1997.
9. W. Givens, “Computation of plane unitary rotations transforming a general matrix to triangular form,” J. Soc. Ind. Appl. Math, Vol. 6, pp. 26–50.
10. W.M. Gentleman and H.T. Kung, “Matrix triangularisation by systolic array,” Proc. SPIE (Real-Time Signal Processing IV), pp. 329–369, 1973.
11. J.G. McWhirter, “Recursive least squares minimisation using systolic array,” Proc. SPIE (Real-Time Signal Processing IV), Vol. 431, pp. 105–112, 1983.
12. S.F. Hsieh, K.J.R. Liu, and K.Yao, “Aunified approach for QRD based recursive least-squares estimation without square roots,” IEEE Trans. On Signal Processing, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 1405–
1409, 1993.
13. R. D¨ohler, “Squared given’s rotations,” IMA J. of Numerical Analysis, Vol. II, pp. 1–5, 1991.
14. J.G. McWhirter, R.L.Walke, and J. Kadlec, “Normalised givens rotations for recursive least squares processing,” VLSI Signal Processing, VIII, .ISBN 0-7803-2612-1, pp. 323–332, 1995.
15. G. Lightbody, R. Walke, R. Woods, and J. McCanny, “Rapid design of a single chip adaptive beamformer,” IEEE Proc. on Signal Processing Systems, pp. 285–294, 1998.
16. S.Y. Kung, VLSI Array Processors, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1988.
17. A.S. Coffey, M. Johnson, and R. Jones, “Nonlinear dynamical systems analyser,” Proc. SPIE 2296, pp. 687–699, 1996.
18. J.V. McCanny, D. Ridge, Y. Hu, and J. Hunter, “Hierarchical VHDL libraries for DSP ASIC design,” ICASSP, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing,
proceedings, 1997, Vol. 1, pp. 675–678.
19. D.W. Trainor “An architectural synthesis tool for VLSI signal processing chips,” Ph.D. Thesis, Queen’s University of Belfast, 1995.
20. D.W. Trainor, R.F. Woods, and J.V. McCanny, “Architectural synthesis of digital signal processing algorithms using ‘IRIS’,” Journal of VLSI Signal Processing Systems for Signal,
Image and Video Technology, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 41–55, 1997.
21. J. Litva and T.K. Lo, Digital Beamforming in Wireless Communications, Artech House Publishers, 1996.
22. X. Messtre, M. N´ajar, and M. Lagunas, “Two-stage code reference beamformer in mobile communication,” ICASSP, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, proceedings, Vol. 6, pp. 3309–3312, 1998.
23. T.J. Shephard and J.G. McWhirter, “Systolic adaptive beamforming,” chap. 5, Array Processing, S. Haykin, J. Litva, and T.J. Shephard (Eds.), Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-55224, 1993, pp. 153–243.
24. A. Wenzler and E. Lueder, “New structures for complex multipliers and their noise analysis,” Proc. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Vol. 2, pp. 1432–1435, 1995.
25. M. Renfors and Y. Neuvo, “The maximum sample rate of digital filters under hardware speed constraints,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, Vol. CAS-28, No. 3, pp. 196–202, 1981.
26. R. Woods, “High performance VLSI architectures for recursive filtering,” Ph.D. Thesis, Queen’s University of Belfast, 1990.

Keywords

VLSI
systolic arrays
QR
RLS
mapping

Access to Document

10.1023/A:1008118711904

Cite this

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title = "Linear QR Architecture for a Single Chip Adaptive Beamformer",

abstract = "This paper presents the design of a novel single chip adaptive beamformer capable of performing 50 Gflops, (Giga-floating-point operations/second). The core processor is a QR array implemented on a fully efficient linear systolic architecture, derived using a mapping that allows individual processors for boundary and internal cell operations. In addition, the paper highlights a number of rapid design techniques that have been used to realise this system. These include an architecture synthesis tool for quickly developing the circuit architecture and the utilisation of a library of parameterisable silicon intellectual property (IP) cores, to rapidly develop detailed silicon designs.",

keywords = "VLSI, systolic arrays, QR, RLS, mapping",

author = "G Lightbody and R Walke and R Woods and J McCanny",

note = "Reference text: 1. L.C. Godara, “Application of antenna arrays to mobile communications, Part II: Beam-forming and direction-of-arrival considerations,” Proc. of the IEEE, Vol. 85, No. 8, pp. 1195–1245, 1997. 2. T.J. Shephard and J.G. McWhirter, “Systolic adaptive beamforming,” chap. 5, Array Processing, S. Haykin, J. Litva, and T.J. Shephard (Eds.), Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-55224, 1993, pp. 153–243. 3. C.M. Rader, “VLSI systolic arrays for adaptive nulling,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Vol. 13, No. 4, 1996, pp. 29–49. 4. C.M. Rader, “MUSE: A systolic array for adaptive nulling with 64 degrees of freedom using givens transformations and wafer scale integration,” Proc. of the Int. Conf. of Application Specific Array Processors, pp. 277–291, 1992. 5. Kalouptsidis and Theodoridis, Adaptive System Identification and Signal Processing Algorithms, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1993. 6. S. Haykin, Adaptive Filter Theory, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1986. 7. J.M. Cioffi and T. Kailath, “Fast recursive-least-square, transversal filters for adaptive filtering,” IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing, Vol. ASSP-32, No. 2, pp. 998–1005, 1984. 8. R.L. Walke, “High sample rate givens rotations for recursive least squares,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Warwick, 1997. 9. W. Givens, “Computation of plane unitary rotations transforming a general matrix to triangular form,” J. Soc. Ind. Appl. Math, Vol. 6, pp. 26–50. 10. W.M. Gentleman and H.T. Kung, “Matrix triangularisation by systolic array,” Proc. SPIE (Real-Time Signal Processing IV), pp. 329–369, 1973. 11. J.G. McWhirter, “Recursive least squares minimisation using systolic array,” Proc. SPIE (Real-Time Signal Processing IV), Vol. 431, pp. 105–112, 1983. 12. S.F. Hsieh, K.J.R. Liu, and K.Yao, “Aunified approach for QRD based recursive least-squares estimation without square roots,” IEEE Trans. On Signal Processing, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 1405– 1409, 1993. 13. R. D¨ohler, “Squared given{\textquoteright}s rotations,” IMA J. of Numerical Analysis, Vol. II, pp. 1–5, 1991. 14. J.G. McWhirter, R.L.Walke, and J. Kadlec, “Normalised givens rotations for recursive least squares processing,” VLSI Signal Processing, VIII, .ISBN 0-7803-2612-1, pp. 323–332, 1995. 15. G. Lightbody, R. Walke, R. Woods, and J. McCanny, “Rapid design of a single chip adaptive beamformer,” IEEE Proc. on Signal Processing Systems, pp. 285–294, 1998. 16. S.Y. Kung, VLSI Array Processors, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1988. 17. A.S. Coffey, M. Johnson, and R. Jones, “Nonlinear dynamical systems analyser,” Proc. SPIE 2296, pp. 687–699, 1996. 18. J.V. McCanny, D. Ridge, Y. Hu, and J. Hunter, “Hierarchical VHDL libraries for DSP ASIC design,” ICASSP, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, proceedings, 1997, Vol. 1, pp. 675–678. 19. D.W. Trainor “An architectural synthesis tool for VLSI signal processing chips,” Ph.D. Thesis, Queen{\textquoteright}s University of Belfast, 1995. 20. D.W. Trainor, R.F. Woods, and J.V. McCanny, “Architectural synthesis of digital signal processing algorithms using {\textquoteleft}IRIS{\textquoteright},” Journal of VLSI Signal Processing Systems for Signal, Image and Video Technology, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 41–55, 1997. 21. J. Litva and T.K. Lo, Digital Beamforming in Wireless Communications, Artech House Publishers, 1996. 22. X. Messtre, M. N´ajar, and M. Lagunas, “Two-stage code reference beamformer in mobile communication,” ICASSP, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, proceedings, Vol. 6, pp. 3309–3312, 1998. 23. T.J. Shephard and J.G. McWhirter, “Systolic adaptive beamforming,” chap. 5, Array Processing, S. Haykin, J. Litva, and T.J. Shephard (Eds.), Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-55224, 1993, pp. 153–243. 24. A. Wenzler and E. Lueder, “New structures for complex multipliers and their noise analysis,” Proc. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Vol. 2, pp. 1432–1435, 1995. 25. M. Renfors and Y. Neuvo, “The maximum sample rate of digital filters under hardware speed constraints,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, Vol. CAS-28, No. 3, pp. 196–202, 1981. 26. R. Woods, “High performance VLSI architectures for recursive filtering,” Ph.D. Thesis, Queen{\textquoteright}s University of Belfast, 1990.",

year = "2000",

doi = "10.1023/A:1008118711904",

language = "English",

volume = "24",

pages = "67--81",

journal = "The Journal of VLSI Signal Processing",

issn = "1573-109X",

publisher = "Springer",

number = "1",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Linear QR Architecture for a Single Chip Adaptive Beamformer

AU - Lightbody, G

AU - Walke, R

AU - Woods, R

AU - McCanny, J

N1 - Reference text: 1. L.C. Godara, “Application of antenna arrays to mobile communications, Part II: Beam-forming and direction-of-arrival considerations,” Proc. of the IEEE, Vol. 85, No. 8, pp. 1195–1245, 1997. 2. T.J. Shephard and J.G. McWhirter, “Systolic adaptive beamforming,” chap. 5, Array Processing, S. Haykin, J. Litva, and T.J. Shephard (Eds.), Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-55224, 1993, pp. 153–243. 3. C.M. Rader, “VLSI systolic arrays for adaptive nulling,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Vol. 13, No. 4, 1996, pp. 29–49. 4. C.M. Rader, “MUSE: A systolic array for adaptive nulling with 64 degrees of freedom using givens transformations and wafer scale integration,” Proc. of the Int. Conf. of Application Specific Array Processors, pp. 277–291, 1992. 5. Kalouptsidis and Theodoridis, Adaptive System Identification and Signal Processing Algorithms, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1993. 6. S. Haykin, Adaptive Filter Theory, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1986. 7. J.M. Cioffi and T. Kailath, “Fast recursive-least-square, transversal filters for adaptive filtering,” IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing, Vol. ASSP-32, No. 2, pp. 998–1005, 1984. 8. R.L. Walke, “High sample rate givens rotations for recursive least squares,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Warwick, 1997. 9. W. Givens, “Computation of plane unitary rotations transforming a general matrix to triangular form,” J. Soc. Ind. Appl. Math, Vol. 6, pp. 26–50. 10. W.M. Gentleman and H.T. Kung, “Matrix triangularisation by systolic array,” Proc. SPIE (Real-Time Signal Processing IV), pp. 329–369, 1973. 11. J.G. McWhirter, “Recursive least squares minimisation using systolic array,” Proc. SPIE (Real-Time Signal Processing IV), Vol. 431, pp. 105–112, 1983. 12. S.F. Hsieh, K.J.R. Liu, and K.Yao, “Aunified approach for QRD based recursive least-squares estimation without square roots,” IEEE Trans. On Signal Processing, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 1405– 1409, 1993. 13. R. D¨ohler, “Squared given’s rotations,” IMA J. of Numerical Analysis, Vol. II, pp. 1–5, 1991. 14. J.G. McWhirter, R.L.Walke, and J. Kadlec, “Normalised givens rotations for recursive least squares processing,” VLSI Signal Processing, VIII, .ISBN 0-7803-2612-1, pp. 323–332, 1995. 15. G. Lightbody, R. Walke, R. Woods, and J. McCanny, “Rapid design of a single chip adaptive beamformer,” IEEE Proc. on Signal Processing Systems, pp. 285–294, 1998. 16. S.Y. Kung, VLSI Array Processors, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1988. 17. A.S. Coffey, M. Johnson, and R. Jones, “Nonlinear dynamical systems analyser,” Proc. SPIE 2296, pp. 687–699, 1996. 18. J.V. McCanny, D. Ridge, Y. Hu, and J. Hunter, “Hierarchical VHDL libraries for DSP ASIC design,” ICASSP, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, proceedings, 1997, Vol. 1, pp. 675–678. 19. D.W. Trainor “An architectural synthesis tool for VLSI signal processing chips,” Ph.D. Thesis, Queen’s University of Belfast, 1995. 20. D.W. Trainor, R.F. Woods, and J.V. McCanny, “Architectural synthesis of digital signal processing algorithms using ‘IRIS’,” Journal of VLSI Signal Processing Systems for Signal, Image and Video Technology, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 41–55, 1997. 21. J. Litva and T.K. Lo, Digital Beamforming in Wireless Communications, Artech House Publishers, 1996. 22. X. Messtre, M. N´ajar, and M. Lagunas, “Two-stage code reference beamformer in mobile communication,” ICASSP, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, proceedings, Vol. 6, pp. 3309–3312, 1998. 23. T.J. Shephard and J.G. McWhirter, “Systolic adaptive beamforming,” chap. 5, Array Processing, S. Haykin, J. Litva, and T.J. Shephard (Eds.), Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-55224, 1993, pp. 153–243. 24. A. Wenzler and E. Lueder, “New structures for complex multipliers and their noise analysis,” Proc. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Vol. 2, pp. 1432–1435, 1995. 25. M. Renfors and Y. Neuvo, “The maximum sample rate of digital filters under hardware speed constraints,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, Vol. CAS-28, No. 3, pp. 196–202, 1981. 26. R. Woods, “High performance VLSI architectures for recursive filtering,” Ph.D. Thesis, Queen’s University of Belfast, 1990.

PY - 2000

Y1 - 2000

N2 - This paper presents the design of a novel single chip adaptive beamformer capable of performing 50 Gflops, (Giga-floating-point operations/second). The core processor is a QR array implemented on a fully efficient linear systolic architecture, derived using a mapping that allows individual processors for boundary and internal cell operations. In addition, the paper highlights a number of rapid design techniques that have been used to realise this system. These include an architecture synthesis tool for quickly developing the circuit architecture and the utilisation of a library of parameterisable silicon intellectual property (IP) cores, to rapidly develop detailed silicon designs.

AB - This paper presents the design of a novel single chip adaptive beamformer capable of performing 50 Gflops, (Giga-floating-point operations/second). The core processor is a QR array implemented on a fully efficient linear systolic architecture, derived using a mapping that allows individual processors for boundary and internal cell operations. In addition, the paper highlights a number of rapid design techniques that have been used to realise this system. These include an architecture synthesis tool for quickly developing the circuit architecture and the utilisation of a library of parameterisable silicon intellectual property (IP) cores, to rapidly develop detailed silicon designs.

KW - VLSI

KW - systolic arrays

KW - QR

KW - RLS

KW - mapping

U2 - 10.1023/A:1008118711904

DO - 10.1023/A:1008118711904

M3 - Article

SN - 1573-109X

VL - 24

SP - 67

EP - 81

JO - The Journal of VLSI Signal Processing

JF - The Journal of VLSI Signal Processing

IS - 1

ER -

Linear QR Architecture for a Single Chip Adaptive Beamformer

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

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