IMI-Interventions for Controlling Myopia Onset and Progression 2025

Mark A Bullimore; Kathryn J Saunders; Rigmor C Baraas; David A Berntsen; Zhi Chen; Audrey Wei Lin Chia; So Goto; Jun Jiang; Weizhong Lan; Nicola S Logan; Raymond P Najjar; Jan Roelof Polling; Scott A Read; Emily C Woodman-Pieterse; Noémi Széll; Pavan K Verkicharla; Pei-Chang Wu; Xiaoying Zhu; James Loughman; Manbir Nagra; John R Phillips; Huy D M Tran; Fuensanta A Vera-Diaz; Jason Yam; Yue M Liu; Sarah E Singh; Christine F Wildsoet

doi:10.1167/iovs.66.12.39

IMI-Interventions for Controlling Myopia Onset and Progression 2025

Mark A Bullimore
, Kathryn J Saunders
, Rigmor C Baraas
, David A Berntsen
, Zhi Chen
, Audrey Wei Lin Chia
, So Goto
, Jun Jiang
, Weizhong Lan
, Nicola S Logan
, Raymond P Najjar
, Jan Roelof Polling
, Scott A Read
, Emily C Woodman-Pieterse
, Noémi Széll
, Pavan K Verkicharla
, Pei-Chang Wu
, Xiaoying Zhu
, James Loughman
, Manbir Nagra

John R Phillips, Huy D M Tran, Fuensanta A Vera-Diaz, Jason Yam, Yue M Liu, Sarah E Singh, Christine F Wildsoet

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

6 Citations (Scopus)

9 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

Myopia is recognized as a significant public health problem, particularly in East and Southeast Asia. This has led to the development and evaluation of a range of interventions to slow its progression and delay its onset. Since the publication of the 2019 International Myopia Institute's review of interventions for controlling myopia onset and progression, treatment options have continued to grow in number. This article reviews the efficacy of such interventions under five categories: optical, pharmacological, environmental (behavioral), colored light, and surgical. In summarizing the efficacy of mature technologies, only randomized controlled trials were considered, although such data are very limited for emerging treatments. The overall conclusion is that there are multiple effective interventions in most categories. Further research should aim to understand the mechanisms underlying myopia progression and the modalities that slow its progression in order to develop more effective treatments.

Original language	English
Article number	39
Pages (from-to)	1-37
Number of pages	37
Journal	INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE
Volume	66
Issue number	12
Early online date	17 Sept 2025
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.66.12.39
Publication status	Published (in print/issue) - 30 Sept 2025

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
Copyright 2025 The Authors.

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being

Keywords

Humans
Myopia
Myopia, Degenerative
Disease Progression
Refraction, Ocular
myopia prevention
axial length
pharmacological
children
behavioral
myopia
surgical
myopia control
optical
Myopia, Degenerative/therapy
Myopia/therapy
Refraction, Ocular/physiology

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10.1167/iovs.66.12.39

i1552-5783-66-12-39_1758105146.63283.cleanedFinal published version, 1.05 MBLicence: CC BY-NC-ND

Cite this

Bullimore, M. A., Saunders, K. J., Baraas, R. C., Berntsen, D. A., Chen, Z., Chia, A. W. L., Goto, S., Jiang, J., Lan, W., Logan, N. S., Najjar, R. P., Polling, J. R., Read, S. A., Woodman-Pieterse, E. C., Széll, N., Verkicharla, P. K., Wu, P.-C., Zhu, X., Loughman, J., ... Wildsoet, C. F. (2025). IMI-Interventions for Controlling Myopia Onset and Progression 2025. INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE, 66(12), 1-37. Article 39. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.66.12.39

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title = "IMI-Interventions for Controlling Myopia Onset and Progression 2025",

abstract = "Myopia is recognized as a significant public health problem, particularly in East and Southeast Asia. This has led to the development and evaluation of a range of interventions to slow its progression and delay its onset. Since the publication of the 2019 International Myopia Institute's review of interventions for controlling myopia onset and progression, treatment options have continued to grow in number. This article reviews the efficacy of such interventions under five categories: optical, pharmacological, environmental (behavioral), colored light, and surgical. In summarizing the efficacy of mature technologies, only randomized controlled trials were considered, although such data are very limited for emerging treatments. The overall conclusion is that there are multiple effective interventions in most categories. Further research should aim to understand the mechanisms underlying myopia progression and the modalities that slow its progression in order to develop more effective treatments.",

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month = sep,

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doi = "10.1167/iovs.66.12.39",

language = "English",

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Bullimore, MA, Saunders, KJ, Baraas, RC, Berntsen, DA, Chen, Z, Chia, AWL, Goto, S, Jiang, J, Lan, W, Logan, NS, Najjar, RP, Polling, JR, Read, SA, Woodman-Pieterse, EC, Széll, N, Verkicharla, PK, Wu, P-C, Zhu, X, Loughman, J, Nagra, M, Phillips, JR, Tran, HDM, Vera-Diaz, FA, Yam, J, Liu, YM, Singh, SE & Wildsoet, CF 2025, 'IMI-Interventions for Controlling Myopia Onset and Progression 2025', INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE, vol. 66, no. 12, 39, pp. 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.66.12.39

TY - JOUR

T1 - IMI-Interventions for Controlling Myopia Onset and Progression 2025

AU - Bullimore, Mark A

AU - Saunders, Kathryn J

AU - Baraas, Rigmor C

AU - Berntsen, David A

AU - Chen, Zhi

AU - Chia, Audrey Wei Lin

AU - Goto, So

AU - Jiang, Jun

AU - Lan, Weizhong

AU - Logan, Nicola S

AU - Najjar, Raymond P

AU - Polling, Jan Roelof

AU - Read, Scott A

AU - Woodman-Pieterse, Emily C

AU - Széll, Noémi

AU - Verkicharla, Pavan K

AU - Wu, Pei-Chang

AU - Zhu, Xiaoying

AU - Loughman, James

AU - Nagra, Manbir

AU - Phillips, John R

AU - Tran, Huy D M

AU - Vera-Diaz, Fuensanta A

AU - Yam, Jason

AU - Liu, Yue M

AU - Singh, Sarah E

AU - Wildsoet, Christine F

PY - 2025/9/30

Y1 - 2025/9/30

N2 - Myopia is recognized as a significant public health problem, particularly in East and Southeast Asia. This has led to the development and evaluation of a range of interventions to slow its progression and delay its onset. Since the publication of the 2019 International Myopia Institute's review of interventions for controlling myopia onset and progression, treatment options have continued to grow in number. This article reviews the efficacy of such interventions under five categories: optical, pharmacological, environmental (behavioral), colored light, and surgical. In summarizing the efficacy of mature technologies, only randomized controlled trials were considered, although such data are very limited for emerging treatments. The overall conclusion is that there are multiple effective interventions in most categories. Further research should aim to understand the mechanisms underlying myopia progression and the modalities that slow its progression in order to develop more effective treatments.

AB - Myopia is recognized as a significant public health problem, particularly in East and Southeast Asia. This has led to the development and evaluation of a range of interventions to slow its progression and delay its onset. Since the publication of the 2019 International Myopia Institute's review of interventions for controlling myopia onset and progression, treatment options have continued to grow in number. This article reviews the efficacy of such interventions under five categories: optical, pharmacological, environmental (behavioral), colored light, and surgical. In summarizing the efficacy of mature technologies, only randomized controlled trials were considered, although such data are very limited for emerging treatments. The overall conclusion is that there are multiple effective interventions in most categories. Further research should aim to understand the mechanisms underlying myopia progression and the modalities that slow its progression in order to develop more effective treatments.

KW - Humans

KW - Myopia

KW - Myopia, Degenerative

KW - Disease Progression

KW - Refraction, Ocular

KW - myopia prevention

KW - axial length

KW - pharmacological

KW - children

KW - behavioral

KW - myopia

KW - surgical

KW - myopia control

KW - optical

KW - Myopia, Degenerative/therapy

KW - Myopia/therapy

KW - Refraction, Ocular/physiology

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105016102419

UR - https://pure.ulster.ac.uk/en/publications/8266d0f0-52f5-44e0-a75c-109a589ec2db

U2 - 10.1167/iovs.66.12.39

DO - 10.1167/iovs.66.12.39

M3 - Review article

C2 - 40960225

SN - 0146-0404

VL - 66

SP - 1

EP - 37

JO - INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE

JF - INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE

IS - 12

M1 - 39

ER -

IMI-Interventions for Controlling Myopia Onset and Progression 2025

Abstract

Bibliographical note

UN SDGs

Keywords

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