Experimental investigation of flame behaviors of turbulent diffusion flames with different ullage heights

Jinlong Zhao; Xiang Zhang; Guangheng Song; Jianping Zhang; Yongzheng Yao; Hong Huang

doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.104054

Experimental investigation of flame behaviors of turbulent diffusion flames with different ullage heights

Jinlong Zhao
, Xiang Zhang
, Guangheng Song
, Jianping Zhang
, Yongzheng Yao
, Hong Huang

Faculty Of Computing, Eng. & Built Env.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

8 Citations (Scopus)

58 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

This work is aimed examine the effect of ullage height (tank roof to fuel surface) on the flame behavior of turbulent diffusion flames. A series of experiments with eight ullage heights (h = 0–28 cm) were conducted. Propane was issued from a gas burner (D = 20 cm) with different fuel supply rates. Experimental results showed that the total flame consists of an upper flame (L_upper, outside the tray) and a down-reaching flame (L down , inside the tray). It was found that L_downdecreases with fuel supply flow rate and there is a critical fuel supply flow rate ( Q _s,c), independent of the ullage height, above which there is no down-reaching flame. Depending on the ullage height and fuel supply rate, the flame behaviors can be divided into three regimes: (Ⅰ) restricted down-reaching, (Ⅱ) free down-reaching and (Ⅲ) no down-reaching. Based on the dimensionless analysis, correlations were developed to predict the down-reaching, upper, and total flame lengths, respectively. These correlations were validated against the experimental data in the paper and the previous literature. The present results are of importance to understand the flame behaviors for the burning of fires with large ullage heights and provide guidance in risk assessment of tank fires.

Original language	English
Article number	104054
Pages (from-to)	1-8
Number of pages	8
Journal	Fire Safety Journal
Volume	142
Early online date	20 Nov 2023
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.104054
Publication status	Published (in print/issue) - 31 Jan 2024

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 Elsevier Ltd

Data Availability Statement

Data will be made available on request.

Funding

Funding Information: This study was sponsored by the National Key R&D Program of China ( 2021YFB3201900 ), the Key Research and Development Program of National Fire and Rescue Administration ( 2022XFZD04 ) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities ( 2023JCCXAQ05 ).

Funder number
2022XFZD04
2021YFB3201900
2023JCCXAQ05

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 7 Affordable and Clean Energy
SDG 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities

Keywords

Liquid fuel
Turbulent diffusion flames
Ullage height
Down-reaching flame length
Upper flame length

Access to Document

10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.104054

Accepted versionAuthor Accepted Manuscript, 821 KBLicence: CC BY-NC-ND

Cite this

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title = "Experimental investigation of flame behaviors of turbulent diffusion flames with different ullage heights",

abstract = "This work is aimed examine the effect of ullage height (tank roof to fuel surface) on the flame behavior of turbulent diffusion flames. A series of experiments with eight ullage heights (h = 0–28 cm) were conducted. Propane was issued from a gas burner (D = 20 cm) with different fuel supply rates. Experimental results showed that the total flame consists of an upper flame (Lupper, outside the tray) and a down-reaching flame (L down , inside the tray). It was found that Ldown decreases with fuel supply flow rate and there is a critical fuel supply flow rate ( Q s,c), independent of the ullage height, above which there is no down-reaching flame. Depending on the ullage height and fuel supply rate, the flame behaviors can be divided into three regimes: (Ⅰ) restricted down-reaching, (Ⅱ) free down-reaching and (Ⅲ) no down-reaching. Based on the dimensionless analysis, correlations were developed to predict the down-reaching, upper, and total flame lengths, respectively. These correlations were validated against the experimental data in the paper and the previous literature. The present results are of importance to understand the flame behaviors for the burning of fires with large ullage heights and provide guidance in risk assessment of tank fires.",

keywords = "Liquid fuel, Turbulent diffusion flames, Ullage height, Down-reaching flame length, Upper flame length",

author = "Jinlong Zhao and Xiang Zhang and Guangheng Song and Jianping Zhang and Yongzheng Yao and Hong Huang",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023 Elsevier Ltd",

year = "2024",

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day = "31",

doi = "10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.104054",

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AU - Zhao, Jinlong

AU - Zhang, Xiang

AU - Song, Guangheng

AU - Zhang, Jianping

AU - Yao, Yongzheng

AU - Huang, Hong

PY - 2024/1/31

Y1 - 2024/1/31

N2 - This work is aimed examine the effect of ullage height (tank roof to fuel surface) on the flame behavior of turbulent diffusion flames. A series of experiments with eight ullage heights (h = 0–28 cm) were conducted. Propane was issued from a gas burner (D = 20 cm) with different fuel supply rates. Experimental results showed that the total flame consists of an upper flame (Lupper, outside the tray) and a down-reaching flame (L down , inside the tray). It was found that Ldown decreases with fuel supply flow rate and there is a critical fuel supply flow rate ( Q s,c), independent of the ullage height, above which there is no down-reaching flame. Depending on the ullage height and fuel supply rate, the flame behaviors can be divided into three regimes: (Ⅰ) restricted down-reaching, (Ⅱ) free down-reaching and (Ⅲ) no down-reaching. Based on the dimensionless analysis, correlations were developed to predict the down-reaching, upper, and total flame lengths, respectively. These correlations were validated against the experimental data in the paper and the previous literature. The present results are of importance to understand the flame behaviors for the burning of fires with large ullage heights and provide guidance in risk assessment of tank fires.

AB - This work is aimed examine the effect of ullage height (tank roof to fuel surface) on the flame behavior of turbulent diffusion flames. A series of experiments with eight ullage heights (h = 0–28 cm) were conducted. Propane was issued from a gas burner (D = 20 cm) with different fuel supply rates. Experimental results showed that the total flame consists of an upper flame (Lupper, outside the tray) and a down-reaching flame (L down , inside the tray). It was found that Ldown decreases with fuel supply flow rate and there is a critical fuel supply flow rate ( Q s,c), independent of the ullage height, above which there is no down-reaching flame. Depending on the ullage height and fuel supply rate, the flame behaviors can be divided into three regimes: (Ⅰ) restricted down-reaching, (Ⅱ) free down-reaching and (Ⅲ) no down-reaching. Based on the dimensionless analysis, correlations were developed to predict the down-reaching, upper, and total flame lengths, respectively. These correlations were validated against the experimental data in the paper and the previous literature. The present results are of importance to understand the flame behaviors for the burning of fires with large ullage heights and provide guidance in risk assessment of tank fires.

KW - Liquid fuel

KW - Turbulent diffusion flames

KW - Ullage height

KW - Down-reaching flame length

KW - Upper flame length

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DO - 10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.104054

M3 - Article

SN - 0379-7112

VL - 142

SP - 1

EP - 8

JO - Fire Safety Journal

JF - Fire Safety Journal

M1 - 104054

ER -

Experimental investigation of flame behaviors of turbulent diffusion flames with different ullage heights

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Data Availability Statement

Funding

UN SDGs

Keywords

Access to Document

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