Abstract
Purpose – This paper has the purpose of exploring the potential for entrepreneurship educationwithin veterinary medicine. It aims to examine some of the key themes in the entrepreneurshipeducation literature, discuss the make-up of the UK veterinary sector, consider veterinary curricularequirements and illustrate how entrepreneurship education can benefit veterinary students.Design/methodology/approach – The approach adopted by the authors includes a literaturereview, in-depth discussion and the development of hypotheses for further study.Findings – Entrepreneurship education has the potential to make a valuable contribution toveterinary medicine curricula. This is due to the fact that the majority of veterinary graduates willwork in or even own/co-own a veterinary business (i.e. a small veterinary practice) at some point intheir career. In this context, the authors illustrate how entrepreneurship education can enhanceboth employable and day one/year one skills. The high entry requirements for veterinaryprogrammes and the gender shift towards a predominantly female under- and postgraduatepopulation add further interesting dimensions to the paper and present possible avenues for furtherresearch.Research limitations/implications – This is a conceptual paper and it is fully recognised that theconcepts and hypotheses proposed need to be further developed and tested at the empirical level. Someinteresting avenues for future research that could contribute significantly to this field are alsoidentified.Originality/value – The paper highlights the potential value of incorporating entrepreneurshipeducation within veterinary curricula. It also identifies how such incorporation can enhance students’employable skills and deliver many of the skills included in veterinary medicine’s day one/year onecompetences’ agenda.Keywords Education, Veterinary medicine, Skills, United Kingdom, Entrepreneurialism
Original language | English |
---|---|
Pages (from-to) | 607-623 |
Journal | Education + Training |
Volume | 52 |
Issue number | 8/9 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published (in print/issue) - 2010 |
Bibliographical note
Reference text: Andersson, T. (2000), “Policy design, implementation and evaluation – rationale, efficiency andsystemic concerns”, OECD paper presented at the Forum on Public Policies for SMEs in
Europe, Lisbon, 13-14 April.
Baillie, S. and Rhind, S. (2008), “A guide to assessment methods in veterinary medicine”, a ‘Blue
Sky’ project funded by the RCVS Trust, available at: www.live.ac.uk/documents/
assessment_guide.pdf (accessed 20 May 2010).
Bandura, A. (1992), “Exercise of personal agency through the self-efficacy mechanism”,
in Schwartzer, R. (Ed.), Self-efficacy: Thought Control of Action, Hemisphere, Washington,
DC, pp. 3-38.
Benson, G.L. (1992), “Teaching entrepreneurship through the classics”, Journal of Applied
Business Research, Vol. 8 No. 4, pp. 135-40.
BIS (2009), Higher Ambitions: the Future of Universities in a Knowledge Economy, Department
for Business Innovation and Skills, London, available at: www.bis.gov.uk
Botham, R. and Mason, C. (2007), Good Practice in Enterprise Development in UK Higher
Education NCGE Research Reports, available at: www.ncge.com/communities/research/
reference/detail/1050/4 (accessed 25 May 2010).
Brown, J.P. and Silverman, J.D. (1999), “The current and future market for veterinarians and
veterinary medical services in the United States”, Journal of the American Veterinary
Association, Vol. 215, pp. 161-83.
Entrepreneurship
education and
medicine
619
BVA (2008), Policy Brief: The Relevance of Research & Development to the Veterinary Profession,
British Veterinary Association, London, December, available at: www.bva.co.uk/pol_
brief_RD_and_vet_profession.pdf (accessed 26 April 2010).
BVA/AVS (2008), Survey 2008, British Veterinary Association/Association of Veterinary
Students, London, available at: www.bva.co.uk
CIHE (2010), Talent Fishing: What Businesses Want from Postgraduates, Council for Industry
and Higher Education, London, available at: www.cihe.co.uk
Cooney, T. and Murray, T. (2008), Entrepreneurship Education in the Third-level Sector in
Ireland, Institute of Minority Entrepreneurship report, Dublin Institute of Technology,
Dublin.
Curran, J. (2000), “What is small business in the UK for? Evaluation and assessing small business
policies”, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 18 No. 3, pp. 36-50.
Daly, S. (2001), “Student-operated internet businesses: true experiential learning in
entrepreneurship and retail management”, Journal of Marketing Education, Vol. 23 No. 3,
pp. 204-15.
Davies, L.G. and Gibb, A.A. (1991), “Recent research in entrepreneurship”, paper presented at
3rd International EIASM Workshop, Gower, Farnham.
Dearing, R. (1997), The Dearing Report, available at: https://bei.leeds.ac.uk/Partners/NCIHE
Dickson, P.H. and Solmon, G.T. (2008), “Entrepreneurial selection and success: does education
matter?”, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 15 No. 2, pp. 239-58.
European Commission (2008a), Entrepreneurship in Higher Education, Especially within
Non-business Studies, Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General Report, European
Commission, Brussels.
European Commission (2008b), Survey of Entrepreneurship in Higher Education in Europe,
Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General Report, European Commission, Brussels.
Fiet, J.O. (2000), “The pedagogical side of entrepreneurship theory”, Journal of Business
Venturing, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 101-17.
Galloway, L. and Brown, W. (2002), “Entrepreneurship education at university: a driver in the
creation of high growth firms?”, Education þ Training, Vol. 44 Nos 8/9, pp. 398-405.
Garavan, T. and O’Cinneide, B. (1994a), “Entrepreneurship education and training programmes:
a review and evaluation: part 1”, Journal of European Industrial Training, Vol. 18 No. 8,
pp. 3-12.
Garavan, T. and O’Cinneide, B. (1994b), “Entrepreneurship education and training programmes:
a review and evaluation: part 2”, Journal of European Industrial Training, Vol. 18 No. 11,
pp. 13-21.
Gibb, A.A. (1993), “Do we really teach small business in the way we should?”, Proceedings of the
Internationalising Entrepreneurship Education and Training Conference, Vienna.
Gibb, A.A. (1997), “Small firms training and competitiveness: building upon the small business
as a learning organisation”, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 15 No. 3, pp. 13-29.
Gibb, A.A. (2005), Towards the Entrepreneurial University; Entrepreneurship Education as a
Lever of Change, Policy Paper 3, National Council for Graduate Entrepreneurship,
Birmingham.
Gibb, A.A. and Cotton, J. (1998), “Entrepreneurship in schools and college education: creating the
leading edge”, paper presented at the Conference on Work Future and the Role of
Entrepreneurship Education, London, 8 December.
Gorman, G., Hanlon, D. and King, W. (1997), “Some research perspectives on entrepreneurship
education, enterprise education and education for small business management: a ten year
literature review”, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 15 No. 3, pp. 56-78.
ET
52,8/9
620
Greene, F.J. (2009), “Assessing the impact of policy interventions: the influence of evaluation
methodology”, Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, Vol. 27, pp. 216-29.
Hannon, P. (2006), “Teaching pigeons to dance: sense and meaning in entrepreneurship
education”, Education þ Training, Vol. 48 No. 5, pp. 296-308.
Hannon, P. (2007), “Enterprise for all? The fragility of enterprise provision across England’s
HEIs”, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 183-210.
Harding, R. (2007), GEM (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor) UK 2006, London Business School,
London, available at: www.gemconsortium.org (accessed 27 May 2010).
Harkema, S.J.M. and Schout, H. (2008), “Incorporating student-centred learning in innovation and
entrepreneurship education”, European Journal of Education, Vol. 43 No. 4, pp. 513-26.
Hartshorn, C. and Hannon, P.D. (2005), “Paradoxes in entrepreneurship education: chalk and talk
or chalk and cheese?”, Education þ Training, Vol. 47 Nos 8/9, pp. 616-27.
Hawkins, P. (1999), The Art of Building Windmills: Career Tactics for the Twenty-first Century,
Graduate into Employment Unit, University of Liverpool, Liverpool.
Hazlett, S.A., Henderson, J., Hill, F. and Leitch, C. (2007), “Attitudes towards entrepreneurship
among female and male undergraduates: a preliminary study”, in Carter, N.M., Henry, C.,
O’Cinneide, B. and Johnston, K. (Eds), Female Entrepreneurship: Implications for
Education, Training and Policy, Routledge, Abingdon, pp. 69-87.
HEA (2005), Embedding Employability in the Curriculum: Enhancing Students’ Career Planning
Skills, Higher Education Academy, York, available at: www.heacademy.ac.uk (accessed
10 May 2010).
Henry, C., Baillie, S. and Treanor, L. (2010), “Encouraging women’s entrepreneurship in the
sciences: women in veterinary medicine”, in Wynarczyk, P. and Marlow, S. (Eds),
Innovating Women: Contributions to Technological Advancement, Emerald Publishing,
Bingley.
Henry, C., Hill, F. and Leitch, C. (2003), Entrepreneurship Education and Training, Ashgate
Publishing, Aldershot.
Henry, C., Hill, F. and Leitch, C. (2005), “Entrepreneurship education and training:
can entrepreneurship be taught? Part I”, Education þ Training, Vol. 47 No. 2, pp. 98-111.
Herrman, K. (2008), “STEM the critical shortage of wealth creators: view from the top”, Research
Fortnight, 22 October, p. 19.
Hynes, B. and Richardson, T. (2007), “Creating an entrepreneurial mindset: getting the process
right for information and communication technology students”, in Lowry, G. (Ed.),
Information Systems and Technology Education: From the University to the Workplace,
IGI Global, Hershey, PA.
Hytti, U. and O’Gorman, C. (2004), “What is ‘enterprise education’? An analysis of the objectives
and methods of enterprise education programmes in four European countries”, Education
þ Training, Vol. 46 No. 1, pp. 11-23.
Ilgen, D.R. (2002), “Skills, knowledge, aptitudes and interests for veterinary practice
management: fitting personal characteristics to situational demands”, JVME, Vol. 29
No. 3, pp. 153-6.
Jamieson, I. (1984), “Education for enterprise”, in Watts, A.G. and Moran, P. (Eds), CRAC,
Ballinger, Cambridge, MA, pp. 19-27.
Jenssen, J.I. and Havnes, P.A. (2002), “Public intervention in the entrepreneurial process: a study
based on three Norwegian cases”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour &
Research, Vol. 8 No. 3, pp. 137-87.
Jones, C. and English, J. (2004), “A contemporary approach to entrepreneurship education”,
Education þ Training, Vol. 46 Nos 8/9, pp. 416-23.
Entrepreneurship
education and
medicine
621
Kogan, L.R., McConnell, S.L. and Schoenfeld-Tacher, R. (2005), “Perspectives in professional
education: response of a veterinary college to career development needs identified in the
KPMG LLP study”, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 226 No. 7.
Leitch, C. and Harrison, R.T. (1999), “A process model for entrepreneurship education and
development”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, Vol. 5 No. 3,
pp. 83-109.
Leitch, S. (2006), “Leitch review of skills – prosperity for all in the global economy, world-class
skills – final report”, December, available at: www.ggpg.org.uk/governance-and-fesystem/
leitch-report.html
Lofstedt, J. (2003), “Gender and veterinary medicine”, Canadian Veterinary Journal, Vol. 44 No. 7,
pp. 533-5.
Lowe, P. (2009), Unlocking Potential – A Report on Veterinary Expertise in Food Animal
Production, Department for Environment and Food Rural Affairs (DEFRA), London.
McMullan, E., Chrisman, J.J. and Vesper, K. (2001), “Some problems in using subjective measures
of effectiveness to evaluate assistance programmes”, Entrepreneurship Theory and
Practice, Vol. 26 No. 1, pp. 37-54.
McNair, S. (2003), Employability in Higher Education, LTSN Generic Centre, University of Surrey,
Guildford.
Maines, R. (2007), “Why are women crowding into veterinary medicine but are not lining up to
become engineers?”, Chronicle Online, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 12 June, available at:
www.news.cornell.edu/stories/june07/women.vets.vs.eng.sl.html (accessed 7 April 2010).
Matlay, H. (2008), “The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial outcomes”,
Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 15 No. 2, pp. 382-96.
Matlay, H. (2009), “Entrepreneurship education in the UK: a critical analysis of stakeholder
involvement and expectations”, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,
Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 355-68.
Monroy, T.G. (1995), “Getting closer to a descriptive model of entrepreneurship education”,
in Monroy, T.G., Reichart, J. and Hoy, F. (Eds), The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship
Education, Vol. 3, Ballinger, Cambridge, MA, pp. 205-17.
National Science Learning Centre (2008), Developing Excellence, National Science Learning
Centre, York, July, available at: www.sciencelearningcentres.org.uk
NCGE (2007), Enterprise and Entrepreneurship in Higher Education: A Report by The National
Council for Graduate Entrepreneurship, National Council for Graduate Entrepreneurship,
Birmingham.
Oldsman, E. and Hallberg, K. (2001), Framework for Evaluating the Impact of Small Enterprise
Initiatives, Nexus Associates, Nutfield, available at: www.wiram.de/dokumente/
EvaluationPaper.PDF
Pajarinen, M., Rouvinen, P. and Yla-Anttila, P. (2006), Uusyrittajinen kasvuhakuisuus,
KTM julkaisuja 29/2006, Ministry of Employment and the Economy, Helsinki.
Pittaway, L. and Cope, J. (2007), “Entrepreneurship education: a systematic review of the
evidence”, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 25 No. 5, pp. 479-510.
QAA (2002), Veterinary Science – Subject Benchmark Statements, Quality Assurance Agency,
Gloucester.
Rae, D. (2003), “Opportunity centred learning: an innovation in enterprise?”, Education þ
Training, Vol. 45 No. 8, pp. 542-9.
RCVS (2006), RCVS Essential Competences Required of the Veterinary Surgeon, Day One
Competences, Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, London, available at: www.rcvs.org.
uk
ET
52,8/9
622
RCVS (2008), Drive to Increase Diversity of Veterinary Profession, Royal College of Veterinary
Surgeons, London, 8 May, available at: www.rcvs.org.uk/templates/Internal.
asp?NodeID¼307905 (accessed 8 January 2010).
Robertson, M. and Collins, A. (2003), “Developing entrepreneurship in West Yorkshire: West
Yorkshire Universities’ Partnership and Business Start-up@Leeds Met”, Education þ
Training, Vol. 45 No. 6, pp. 303-21.
Ronstadt, R. (1987), “The educated entrepreneurs: a new era of entrepreneurial education is
beginning”, American Journal of Small Business, Vol. 11 No. 4, pp. 37-53.
Rosa, P. and Dawson, A. (2006), “Gender and the commercialization of university science:
academic founders of spinout companies”, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development,
July, pp. 341-66.
RVC – LIVE (2007), Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine – Day One Skills, Royal Veterinary College –
LIVE, London, available at: www.rvc.ac.uk or www.live.ac.uk (accessed 24 May 2010).
Science and Learning Expert Group (2010), Science and Learning Expert Group Report – Science
and Maths Secondary Education for the Twenty-first Century, Science and Learning Expert
Group, London, February, available at: www.bis.org.uk
Shinnar, R., Pruett, M. and Toney, B. (2009), “Entrepreneurship education: attitudes across
campus”, Journal of Education for Business, Vol. 84 No. 3, pp. 151-8.
Storey, D. (2000), “Six steps to Heaven: evaluating the impact of public policies to support small
business in developed economies”, in Sexton, D.L. and Landstrom, H. (Eds), The Blackwell
Book of Entrepreneurship, Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 176-94.
Taatila, V.P. (2010), “Learning entrepreneurship in higher education”, Education þ Training,
Vol. 52 No. 1, pp. 48-61.
WEF (2009), Educating the Next Wave of Entrepreneurs: Unlocking Entrepreneurial Capabilities
to Meet the Global Challenges of the Twenty-first Century – A Report of the Global
Education Initiative, World Economic Forum, Davos.
Westhead, P., Storey, D.J. and Martin, F. (2001), “Outcomes reported by students who participate
in the 1994 Shell Technology Enterprise Programme”, Entrepreneurship and Regional
Development, Vol. 13, pp. 163-85.
Corresponding author
Colette Henry can be contacted at: [email protected]
Entrepreneurship
education and
medicine
623
To