Energy systems, CO2 emissions, and mitigation policies in three Central Asian countries: A comprehensive review

In Central Asia, industrialization, urbanization, rising living standards, and population growth are key drivers of increasing energy consumption, which in turn contributes to elevated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This article critically examines the CO2 equivalent (CO2eq) emission status in three Central Asian countries, namely Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan, all of which are signatories to the Paris Agreement. This study analyzes and compares the primary energy-related policies and plans to reduce emissions, offering insights into each country’s current status and paths toward emissions mitigation. According to data from the International Energy Agency (IEA), CO2 intensity in these countries remains significantly higher than in developed nations. This is mainly attributed to a heavy reliance on fossil fuels and the low efficiency of existing energy infrastructure. To address environmental concerns associated with CO2 emissions, the integration of renewable energy sources are expected to reduce carbon intensity, enhance overall sustainability, and operational efficiency. Besides integrating renewables into power generation, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan have also developed plans to utilize renewable energy for hydrogen production as part of broader efforts to decarbonize different sectors and shift toward sustainable practices. However, several barriers hinder the achievement of CO2 reduction targets. These include limited public awareness of sustainable development goals, high capital costs associated with clean energy technologies, and a lack of comprehensive policies and robust implementation frameworks.