Comprehensive performance analysis of perovskite solar cells based on different crystalline structures of MAPbI 3

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown high optical absorption and consequently provide high conversion efficiency with stable performance. In our work, CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) as an absorber layer is analyzed for different crystalline structures. Cubic, tetragonal, and orthorhombic phases of perovskite material are investigated to check the impact of the crystalline structure on the solar cell performance. Both density of states and band structure are studied using Quantum-ESPRESSO package depending on density functional theory. Then, all relevant parameters were employed in SCAPS software and comprehensive study was done for examining the effect of the crystalline structure of perovskite layer on the solar cell performance. In-depth, analyses were conducted to evaluate key parameters, including open circuit voltage (Voc), short circuit current (Isc), fill factor (FF), and power conversion efficiency (PCE) considering the variations of perovskite layer thickness and bulk defect densities. The obtained results indicate that cells with cubic MAPbI3, which shows a notably higher bandgap of 1.7 eV and an enhanced optical absorption coefficient, especially in the higher wavelength range (around 105 cm−1), show better performance for almost all three scenarios. Cubic MAPbI3 cells achieve relatively higher peak efficiency of 26% when the absorber layer thickness is almost 900 nm. The investigation into absorber bulk defect densities reveals the critical role of defect levels in PSC performance. Adjusting defect levels from 1014 cm−3 to 1018 cm−3 results in deteriorating trends in Voc, Jsc, FF, and PCE. Jsc remains stable until a defect level of 1017 cm−3, highlighting a threshold where defects begin to impact charge carrier generation and separation. Doping effect has been studied, PCE remains stable until a critical doping level of 1016 cm−3 after which it drops significantly which indicates that doping is cautioned against due to its adverse effects on material and carrier transport. This finding holds significant promise for experimental solar cell fabrication, as it suggests that cubic MAPbI3’s superior bandgap and enhanced optical absorption could lead to more efficient and robust photovoltaic devices in real-world applications.