Comparative analysis of CFD models to simulate temperature non-uniformity during hydrogen tank refuelling

Hanguang Xie; Dmitriy Makarov; Sergii Kashkarov; Vladimir Molkov

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.05.047

Comparative analysis of CFD models to simulate temperature non-uniformity during hydrogen tank refuelling

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Abstract

This study compares four computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, i.e. k-ε, RSM, SAS, and LES, to simulate temperature non-uniformity during hydrogen tank refuelling. Three grids with a total number of control volumes of 64k, 363k, and 2.9 M were used. The maximum dimensionless wall distances, y ⁺, were 80, 5 and 2.5, respectively. The predictive capability of the models was assessed by recommended statistical indicators using ten thermocouple locations during 620 s of the experiment. The comparative analysis demonstrated a better predictive capability of temperature non-uniformity and stratification by the LES model and a shorter simulation time. It is concluded that meshes with y ⁺ larger than 80 would overpredict the average hydrogen temperature while meshes with y ⁺<5 provide a good simulation accuracy. The results underline the importance of the turbulence model choice and the numerical grid resolution for proper prediction of temperature non-uniformity during hydrogen tank refuelling.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	715-728
Number of pages	14
Journal	International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
Volume	70
Early online date	20 May 2024
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.05.047
Publication status	Published (in print/issue) - 12 Jun 2024

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 The Authors

Funding

This research was co-funded by Invest NI Centre for Advanced Sustainable Energy (CASE) \u201CBreakthrough safety technologies for hydrogen vessels from Northern Ireland\u201D (No. A1135), Innovate UK CMDC-2 project \u201CHydrogen Fuel Cell Range Extender\u201D (No. 10041047), Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking (now Clean Hydrogen Joint Undertaking) through the SH2APED \u201CStorage of hydrogen: alternative pressure enclosure development\u201D projects (No. 101007182). This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, Hydrogen Europe, and Hydrogen Europe Research. This work was also supported by the Department for Transport's UK SHORE Programme and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [grant number EP/Y024605/1]. The authors are also grateful to the resources provided through the Northern Ireland High-Performance Computing (NI-HPC) facility (grant EP/T022175/1, https://www.ni-hpc.ac.uk/Kelvin2).

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 7 Affordable and Clean Energy
SDG 13 Climate Action

Keywords

CFD
Hydrogen refuelling
Statistical analysis
Hydrogen safety
Turbulence model
Storage tank

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10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.05.047

1-s2.0-S0360319924017348-mainFinal published version, 19.7 MBLicence: CC BY-NC-ND

Cite this

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title = "Comparative analysis of CFD models to simulate temperature non-uniformity during hydrogen tank refuelling",

abstract = "This study compares four computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, i.e. k-ε, RSM, SAS, and LES, to simulate temperature non-uniformity during hydrogen tank refuelling. Three grids with a total number of control volumes of 64k, 363k, and 2.9 M were used. The maximum dimensionless wall distances, y +, were 80, 5 and 2.5, respectively. The predictive capability of the models was assessed by recommended statistical indicators using ten thermocouple locations during 620 s of the experiment. The comparative analysis demonstrated a better predictive capability of temperature non-uniformity and stratification by the LES model and a shorter simulation time. It is concluded that meshes with y + larger than 80 would overpredict the average hydrogen temperature while meshes with y +<5 provide a good simulation accuracy. The results underline the importance of the turbulence model choice and the numerical grid resolution for proper prediction of temperature non-uniformity during hydrogen tank refuelling.",

keywords = "CFD, Hydrogen refuelling, Statistical analysis, Hydrogen safety, Turbulence model, Storage tank",

author = "Hanguang Xie and Dmitriy Makarov and Sergii Kashkarov and Vladimir Molkov",

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doi = "10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.05.047",

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AU - Xie, Hanguang

AU - Makarov, Dmitriy

AU - Kashkarov, Sergii

AU - Molkov, Vladimir

PY - 2024/6/12

Y1 - 2024/6/12

N2 - This study compares four computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, i.e. k-ε, RSM, SAS, and LES, to simulate temperature non-uniformity during hydrogen tank refuelling. Three grids with a total number of control volumes of 64k, 363k, and 2.9 M were used. The maximum dimensionless wall distances, y +, were 80, 5 and 2.5, respectively. The predictive capability of the models was assessed by recommended statistical indicators using ten thermocouple locations during 620 s of the experiment. The comparative analysis demonstrated a better predictive capability of temperature non-uniformity and stratification by the LES model and a shorter simulation time. It is concluded that meshes with y + larger than 80 would overpredict the average hydrogen temperature while meshes with y +<5 provide a good simulation accuracy. The results underline the importance of the turbulence model choice and the numerical grid resolution for proper prediction of temperature non-uniformity during hydrogen tank refuelling.

AB - This study compares four computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, i.e. k-ε, RSM, SAS, and LES, to simulate temperature non-uniformity during hydrogen tank refuelling. Three grids with a total number of control volumes of 64k, 363k, and 2.9 M were used. The maximum dimensionless wall distances, y +, were 80, 5 and 2.5, respectively. The predictive capability of the models was assessed by recommended statistical indicators using ten thermocouple locations during 620 s of the experiment. The comparative analysis demonstrated a better predictive capability of temperature non-uniformity and stratification by the LES model and a shorter simulation time. It is concluded that meshes with y + larger than 80 would overpredict the average hydrogen temperature while meshes with y +<5 provide a good simulation accuracy. The results underline the importance of the turbulence model choice and the numerical grid resolution for proper prediction of temperature non-uniformity during hydrogen tank refuelling.

KW - CFD

KW - Hydrogen refuelling

KW - Statistical analysis

KW - Hydrogen safety

KW - Turbulence model

KW - Storage tank

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DO - 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.05.047

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SN - 0360-3199

VL - 70

SP - 715

EP - 728

JO - International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

JF - International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

ER -

Comparative analysis of CFD models to simulate temperature non-uniformity during hydrogen tank refuelling

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funding

UN SDGs

Keywords

Access to Document

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