Carrier‐Based Systems as Strategies for Oral Delivery of Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins: A Mini‐Review

Mohammad Amin Raeisi Estabragh, Marzieh Sajadi Bami, Mandana Ohadi, Ibrahim M Banat, Gholamreza Dehghannoudeh

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

15 Citations (Scopus)
92 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

Peptides and proteins play an essential role in biological systems and the human body. Deficiency or dysfunction of peptides and proteins such as insulin can lead to various illnesses. The therapeutic use of peptides and proteins in some illnesses such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, autoimmunity, and cancer, among others, is highly considered. Peptides and proteins have large molecular structures and are generally hydrophilic, and maintaining their spatial composition or tertiary configurations are necessary for their pharmacological activities. Maintaining the stability of the protein structure and composition is therefore very important and necessary to maintain functionality. There are different routes for peptides and proteins administration such as injection (subcutaneous, intravenous, and intramuscular), oral, nasal, pulmonary, rectal, and ocular routes. The oral administration route is better accepted by the patient due to safety and ease of use. However, oral administration often is unsuitable because of the physicochemical properties and macromolecular structure of proteins and the presence of gastrointestinal (GI) enzymes under an acidic environment within the stomach. Proteins and peptides undergo enzymatic degradation, tertiary structural alteration, and low absorption. This necessitates the need to use alternative oral drug delivery systems for peptides and proteins that maintain their overall structure and enhances their absorption and bioavailability. In this article, we review carrier-based oral drug delivery systems that were suitable for peptides and proteins.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)1589-1596
Number of pages8
JournalInternational Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics
Volume27
Early online date13 Mar 2021
DOIs
Publication statusPublished (in print/issue) - Jun 2021

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This work was funded by Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran (grant number 99000986).

Publisher Copyright:
© 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.

Copyright:
Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

Keywords

  • Bioavailability
  • Carrier‐based
  • Oral delivery
  • Peptides and proteins

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