Breakthrough safety technology of explosion free in fire self-venting (TPRD-less) tanks: The concept and validation of the microleaks-no-burst technology for carbon-carbon and carbon-glass double-composite wall hydrogen storage systems

Vladimir Molkov; Sergii Kashkarov; DV Makarov

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.05.148

Breakthrough safety technology of explosion free in fire self-venting (TPRD-less) tanks: The concept and validation of the microleaks-no-burst technology for carbon-carbon and carbon-glass double-composite wall hydrogen storage systems

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

11 Citations (Scopus)

214 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

The paper describes the breakthrough microleaks-no-burst (μLNB) safety technology of explosion free in fire self-venting hydrogen tanks that do not require thermally-activate pressure relief devices (TPRD). The technology implies melting of the hydrogen-tight liner before hydrogen-leaky double-composite wall loses its load-bearing ability. Hydrogen then flows through the wall's microchannels and either burns in microflames on its own or together with resin. The experimental validation of the technology is presented for 7 prototypes with the nominal working pressure of 70 MPa made of carbon-carbon or carbon-glass composites. The prototypes are fire tested at the specific heat release rate HRR/A = 1 MW/m2 characteristic for gasoline/diesel spill fires. The μLNB technology eliminates catastrophic consequences of tank rupture in fire: blast waves, fireballs, and projectiles. The technology limits hydrogen accumulation in naturally ventilated enclosures. It reduces the risk of hydrogen-powered vehicles to an acceptable level below that for fossil fuel automobiles, including underground parking and tunnels. It provides an unprecedented level of life safety and property protection.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	33774-33785
Number of pages	12
Journal	International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
Volume	48
Issue number	86
Early online date	30 May 2023
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.05.148
Publication status	Published (in print/issue) - 22 Oct 2023

Bibliographical note

Funding information:
The research on explosion free in fire self-venting (TPRD-less) tanks was co-funded by the UK EPSRC grant “SUPERGEN Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Challenge: Safety Strategies for Onboard Hydrogen Storage Systems” (EP/K021109/1), Invest Northern Ireland (NI) grant Proof of Concept PoC 629 “Composite tank prototype for onboard compressed hydrogen storage based on novel leak-no-burst safety technology” and PoC Plus “Optimisation of explosion free in a fire composite cylinder to industrial requirements”, Invest NI Centre for Advanced Sustainable Energy (CASE) “Breakthrough safety technologies for hydrogen vessels from Northern Ireland”, Innovate UK Clean Maritime Demonstration Competition “Hydrogen Fuel Cell Range Extender”, Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking (now Clean Hydrogen Joint Undertaking) through the HyTunnel-CS “Pre-normative research for safety of hydrogen driven vehicles and transport through tunnels and similar confined spaces” and SH2APED “Storage of hydrogen: alternative pressure enclosure development” projects. The HyTunnel-CS project has received funding from the FCH2 JU under grant agreement No. 826193, and SH2APED project under grant agreement No. 101007182. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, Hydrogen Europe, and Hydrogen Europe Research. The authors are grateful to tank manufacturers and testing laboratories around the globe who contributed to these developments.

Funding

Funding information: The research on explosion free in fire self-venting (TPRD-less) tanks was co-funded by the UK EPSRC grant “SUPERGEN Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Challenge: Safety Strategies for Onboard Hydrogen Storage Systems” (EP/K021109/1), Invest Northern Ireland (NI) grant Proof of Concept PoC 629 “Composite tank prototype for onboard compressed hydrogen storage based on novel leak-no-burst safety technology” and PoC Plus “Optimisation of explosion free in a fire composite cylinder to industrial requirements”, Invest NI Centre for Advanced Sustainable Energy (CASE) “Breakthrough safety technologies for hydrogen vessels from Northern Ireland”, Innovate UK Clean Maritime Demonstration Competition “Hydrogen Fuel Cell Range Extender”, Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking (now Clean Hydrogen Joint Undertaking) through the HyTunnel-CS “Pre-normative research for safety of hydrogen driven vehicles and transport through tunnels and similar confined spaces” and SH2APED “Storage of hydrogen: alternative pressure enclosure development” projects. The HyTunnel-CS project has received funding from the FCH2 JU under grant agreement No. 826193, and SH2APED project under grant agreement No. 101007182. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, Hydrogen Europe, and Hydrogen Europe Research. The authors are grateful to tank manufacturers and testing laboratories around the globe who contributed to these developments.

Keywords

Hydrogen
Explosion free in fire double-composite tanks
Fire test
Fire resistance rating
Microleaks-no-burst concept
Self-venting (TPRD-Less) tanks

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Access to Document

10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.05.148

1-s2.0-S0360319923024448-mainFinal published version, 2.37 MBLicence: CC BY-NC-ND

Fingerprint

Dive into the research topics of 'Breakthrough safety technology of explosion free in fire self-venting (TPRD-less) tanks: The concept and validation of the microleaks-no-burst technology for carbon-carbon and carbon-glass double-composite wall hydrogen storage systems'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.

11 Citations
1 Article

Performance of standard and self-venting conformable compressed hydrogen storage systems in fire tests and incident car fire
Kashkarov, S., Makarov, D. & Molkov, V., 8 Aug 2025, In: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 156, 150407, p. 1-10 10 p., 150407.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Open Access
File
3 Citations (Scopus)

17 Downloads (Pure)

Cite this

Molkov, V., Kashkarov, S., & Makarov, DV. (2023). Breakthrough safety technology of explosion free in fire self-venting (TPRD-less) tanks: The concept and validation of the microleaks-no-burst technology for carbon-carbon and carbon-glass double-composite wall hydrogen storage systems. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 48(86), 33774-33785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.05.148

Molkov, Vladimir ; Kashkarov, Sergii ; Makarov, DV. / Breakthrough safety technology of explosion free in fire self-venting (TPRD-less) tanks: The concept and validation of the microleaks-no-burst technology for carbon-carbon and carbon-glass double-composite wall hydrogen storage systems. In: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2023 ; Vol. 48, No. 86. pp. 33774-33785.

@article{481b52d31ec24e6e82ac3f615d20dc93,

title = "Breakthrough safety technology of explosion free in fire self-venting (TPRD-less) tanks: The concept and validation of the microleaks-no-burst technology for carbon-carbon and carbon-glass double-composite wall hydrogen storage systems",

abstract = "The paper describes the breakthrough microleaks-no-burst (μLNB) safety technology of explosion free in fire self-venting hydrogen tanks that do not require thermally-activate pressure relief devices (TPRD). The technology implies melting of the hydrogen-tight liner before hydrogen-leaky double-composite wall loses its load-bearing ability. Hydrogen then flows through the wall's microchannels and either burns in microflames on its own or together with resin. The experimental validation of the technology is presented for 7 prototypes with the nominal working pressure of 70 MPa made of carbon-carbon or carbon-glass composites. The prototypes are fire tested at the specific heat release rate HRR/A = 1 MW/m2 characteristic for gasoline/diesel spill fires. The μLNB technology eliminates catastrophic consequences of tank rupture in fire: blast waves, fireballs, and projectiles. The technology limits hydrogen accumulation in naturally ventilated enclosures. It reduces the risk of hydrogen-powered vehicles to an acceptable level below that for fossil fuel automobiles, including underground parking and tunnels. It provides an unprecedented level of life safety and property protection.",

keywords = "Hydrogen, Explosion free in fire double-composite tanks, Fire test, Fire resistance rating, Microleaks-no-burst concept, Self-venting (TPRD-Less) tanks",

author = "Vladimir Molkov and Sergii Kashkarov and DV Makarov",

note = "Funding information: The research on explosion free in fire self-venting (TPRD-less) tanks was co-funded by the UK EPSRC grant “SUPERGEN Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Challenge: Safety Strategies for Onboard Hydrogen Storage Systems” (EP/K021109/1), Invest Northern Ireland (NI) grant Proof of Concept PoC 629 “Composite tank prototype for onboard compressed hydrogen storage based on novel leak-no-burst safety technology” and PoC Plus “Optimisation of explosion free in a fire composite cylinder to industrial requirements”, Invest NI Centre for Advanced Sustainable Energy (CASE) “Breakthrough safety technologies for hydrogen vessels from Northern Ireland”, Innovate UK Clean Maritime Demonstration Competition “Hydrogen Fuel Cell Range Extender”, Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking (now Clean Hydrogen Joint Undertaking) through the HyTunnel-CS “Pre-normative research for safety of hydrogen driven vehicles and transport through tunnels and similar confined spaces” and SH2APED “Storage of hydrogen: alternative pressure enclosure development” projects. The HyTunnel-CS project has received funding from the FCH2 JU under grant agreement No. 826193, and SH2APED project under grant agreement No. 101007182. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, Hydrogen Europe, and Hydrogen Europe Research. The authors are grateful to tank manufacturers and testing laboratories around the globe who contributed to these developments.",

year = "2023",

month = oct,

day = "22",

doi = "10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.05.148",

language = "English",

volume = "48",

pages = "33774--33785",

journal = "International Journal of Hydrogen Energy",

issn = "0360-3199",

publisher = "Elsevier Ltd",

number = "86",

}

Molkov, V , Kashkarov, S & Makarov, DV 2023, 'Breakthrough safety technology of explosion free in fire self-venting (TPRD-less) tanks: The concept and validation of the microleaks-no-burst technology for carbon-carbon and carbon-glass double-composite wall hydrogen storage systems', International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 48, no. 86, pp. 33774-33785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.05.148

Breakthrough safety technology of explosion free in fire self-venting (TPRD-less) tanks: The concept and validation of the microleaks-no-burst technology for carbon-carbon and carbon-glass double-composite wall hydrogen storage systems. / Molkov, Vladimir ; Kashkarov, Sergii ; Makarov, DV.
In: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 48, No. 86, 22.10.2023, p. 33774-33785.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

TY - JOUR

T1 - Breakthrough safety technology of explosion free in fire self-venting (TPRD-less) tanks: The concept and validation of the microleaks-no-burst technology for carbon-carbon and carbon-glass double-composite wall hydrogen storage systems

AU - Molkov, Vladimir

AU - Kashkarov, Sergii

AU - Makarov, DV

N1 - Funding information: The research on explosion free in fire self-venting (TPRD-less) tanks was co-funded by the UK EPSRC grant “SUPERGEN Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Challenge: Safety Strategies for Onboard Hydrogen Storage Systems” (EP/K021109/1), Invest Northern Ireland (NI) grant Proof of Concept PoC 629 “Composite tank prototype for onboard compressed hydrogen storage based on novel leak-no-burst safety technology” and PoC Plus “Optimisation of explosion free in a fire composite cylinder to industrial requirements”, Invest NI Centre for Advanced Sustainable Energy (CASE) “Breakthrough safety technologies for hydrogen vessels from Northern Ireland”, Innovate UK Clean Maritime Demonstration Competition “Hydrogen Fuel Cell Range Extender”, Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking (now Clean Hydrogen Joint Undertaking) through the HyTunnel-CS “Pre-normative research for safety of hydrogen driven vehicles and transport through tunnels and similar confined spaces” and SH2APED “Storage of hydrogen: alternative pressure enclosure development” projects. The HyTunnel-CS project has received funding from the FCH2 JU under grant agreement No. 826193, and SH2APED project under grant agreement No. 101007182. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, Hydrogen Europe, and Hydrogen Europe Research. The authors are grateful to tank manufacturers and testing laboratories around the globe who contributed to these developments.

PY - 2023/10/22

Y1 - 2023/10/22

N2 - The paper describes the breakthrough microleaks-no-burst (μLNB) safety technology of explosion free in fire self-venting hydrogen tanks that do not require thermally-activate pressure relief devices (TPRD). The technology implies melting of the hydrogen-tight liner before hydrogen-leaky double-composite wall loses its load-bearing ability. Hydrogen then flows through the wall's microchannels and either burns in microflames on its own or together with resin. The experimental validation of the technology is presented for 7 prototypes with the nominal working pressure of 70 MPa made of carbon-carbon or carbon-glass composites. The prototypes are fire tested at the specific heat release rate HRR/A = 1 MW/m2 characteristic for gasoline/diesel spill fires. The μLNB technology eliminates catastrophic consequences of tank rupture in fire: blast waves, fireballs, and projectiles. The technology limits hydrogen accumulation in naturally ventilated enclosures. It reduces the risk of hydrogen-powered vehicles to an acceptable level below that for fossil fuel automobiles, including underground parking and tunnels. It provides an unprecedented level of life safety and property protection.

AB - The paper describes the breakthrough microleaks-no-burst (μLNB) safety technology of explosion free in fire self-venting hydrogen tanks that do not require thermally-activate pressure relief devices (TPRD). The technology implies melting of the hydrogen-tight liner before hydrogen-leaky double-composite wall loses its load-bearing ability. Hydrogen then flows through the wall's microchannels and either burns in microflames on its own or together with resin. The experimental validation of the technology is presented for 7 prototypes with the nominal working pressure of 70 MPa made of carbon-carbon or carbon-glass composites. The prototypes are fire tested at the specific heat release rate HRR/A = 1 MW/m2 characteristic for gasoline/diesel spill fires. The μLNB technology eliminates catastrophic consequences of tank rupture in fire: blast waves, fireballs, and projectiles. The technology limits hydrogen accumulation in naturally ventilated enclosures. It reduces the risk of hydrogen-powered vehicles to an acceptable level below that for fossil fuel automobiles, including underground parking and tunnels. It provides an unprecedented level of life safety and property protection.

KW - Hydrogen

KW - Explosion free in fire double-composite tanks

KW - Fire test

KW - Fire resistance rating

KW - Microleaks-no-burst concept

KW - Self-venting (TPRD-Less) tanks

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85160508918

U2 - 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.05.148

DO - 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.05.148

M3 - Article

SN - 0360-3199

VL - 48

SP - 33774

EP - 33785

JO - International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

JF - International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

IS - 86

ER -

Molkov V , Kashkarov S , Makarov DV. Breakthrough safety technology of explosion free in fire self-venting (TPRD-less) tanks: The concept and validation of the microleaks-no-burst technology for carbon-carbon and carbon-glass double-composite wall hydrogen storage systems. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2023 Oct 22;48(86):33774-33785. Epub 2023 May 30. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.05.148

Breakthrough safety technology of explosion free in fire self-venting (TPRD-less) tanks: The concept and validation of the microleaks-no-burst technology for carbon-carbon and carbon-glass double-composite wall hydrogen storage systems

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funding

Keywords

UN SDGs

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Research output

Performance of standard and self-venting conformable compressed hydrogen storage systems in fire tests and incident car fire

Cite this