Anomalously steep dips of earthquakes in the 2011 Tohoku-Oki source region and possible explanations

Zhongwen Zhan, Don Helmberger, Mark Simons, Hiroo Kanamori, Wenbo Wu, Nadaya Cubas, Zacharie Duputel, Risheng Chu, Victor C. Tsai, Jean Philippe Avouac, Kenneth W. Hudnut, Sidao Ni, Eric Hetland, Francisco H.Ortega Culaciati

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

42 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

The 2011M w 9.1 Tohoku-Oki earthquake had unusually large slip (over 50m) concentrated in a relatively small region, with local stress drop inferred to be 5-10 times larger than that found for typical megathrust earthquakes. Here we conduct a detailed analysis of foreshocks and aftershocks (M w 5.5-7.5) sampling this megathrust zone for possible clues regarding such differences in seismic excitation. We find that events occurring in the region that experienced large slip during the M w 9.1 event had steeper dip angles (by 5-10°) than the surrounding plate interface. This discrepancy cannot be explained by a single smooth plate interface. We provide three possible explanations. In Model I, the oceanic plate undergoes two sharp breaks in slope, which were not imaged well in previous seismic surveys. These break-points may have acted as strong seismic barriers in previous seismic ruptures, but may have failed in and contributed to the complex rupture pattern of the Tohoku-Oki earthquake. In Model II, the discrepancy of dip angles is caused by a rough plate interface, which in turn may be the underlying cause for the overall strong coupling and concentrated energy-release. In Model III, the earthquakes with steeper dip angles did not occur on the plate interface, but on nearby steeper subfaults. Since the differences in dip angle are only 5-10°, this last explanation would imply that the main fault has about the same strength as the nearby subfaults, rather than much weaker. A relatively uniform fault zone with both the main fault and the subfaults inside is consistent with Model III. Higher resolution source locations and improved models of the velocity structure of the megathrust fault zone are necessary to resolve these issues.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)121-133
Number of pages13
JournalEarth and Planetary Science Letters
Volume353-354
DOIs
Publication statusPublished (in print/issue) - 1 Nov 2012

Keywords

  • Fault geometry
  • Fault zone structure
  • Focal mechanism
  • Seamount
  • Subduction zone
  • The 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake

Fingerprint

Dive into the research topics of 'Anomalously steep dips of earthquakes in the 2011 Tohoku-Oki source region and possible explanations'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.

Cite this