Abstract
The adaptor protein-2 sigma subunit (AP2σ2) is pivotal for clathrin-mediated endocytosis of plasmamembrane constituents such as the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR).Mutations of the AP2σ2 Arg15 residue result in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia type 3 (FHH3), a disorder of extracellular calcium(Ca2+ o) homeostasis. To elucidate the role ofAP2σ2 in Ca2+ o regulation,we investigated 65 FHH probands, without other FHH-associated mutations, for AP2σ2 mutations, characterized their functional consequences and investigated the genetic mechanisms leading to FHH3. AP2σ2 mutations were identified in 17 probands, comprising5 Arg15Cys, 4 Arg15His and 8 Arg15Leumutations. A genotype–phenotype correlationwas observed with the Arg15Leu mutation leading to marked hypercalcaemia. FHH3 probands harboured additional phenotypes such as cognitive dysfunction. All three FHH3-causing AP2σ2 mutations impaired CaSR signal transduction in a dominant-negative manner. Mutational bias was observed at the AP2σ2 Arg15 residue as other predicted missense substitutions (Arg15Gly, Arg15Pro and Arg15Ser), which also caused CaSR loss-of-function, were not detected in FHH probands, and these mutations were found to reduce the numbers of CaSR-expressing cells. FHH3 probands had significantly greater serum calcium (sCa) and magnesium (sMg) concentrations with reduced urinary calcium to creatinine clearance ratios (CCCR) in comparison with FHH1 probands with CaSR mutations, and a calculated index of sCa × sMg/100 × CCCR,whichwas ≥ 5.0, had a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 83 and 86%, respectively,for FHH3. Thus, our studies demonstrate AP2σ2 mutations to result in a more severe FHH phenotype with genotype–phenotype correlations, and a dominant-negative mechanism of action with mutational bias at the Arg15 residue.
Original language | English |
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Article number | ddv226 |
Pages (from-to) | 5079-5092 |
Number of pages | 13 |
Journal | Human Molecular Genetics |
Volume | 24 |
Issue number | 18 |
Early online date | 16 Jun 2015 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published (in print/issue) - 15 Sept 2015 |
Keywords
- phenotype
- mutation
- calcium
- familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
- codon nucleotides
- sigma factor
- proband
- dominant-negative mutation
- genotype-phenotype associations
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Andrew Nesbit
- School of Biomedical Sciences - Senior Lecturer in Molecular Biology
- Faculty Of Life & Health Sciences - Senior Lecturer
Person: Academic