A Comparison of Three Methods of Semi-Tethered Profiling in Front Crawl Swimming: A Reliability Study

The study compares three methods of evaluating semi-tethered performance in front crawl swimming using different velocity extraction techniques. Thirty Level 4 swimmers (17 males, 13 females) completed three protocols: Absolute (5 × 25 m, 1–9 kg for males; 1–5 kg for females), Modified (3 × 10 m, 1, 5, 9 kg for males; 1, 3, 5 kg for females) and Velocity-Restricted (device limited to 1 m/s), across three testing sessions, 7 days apart. Absolute and Modified protocols generated load-velocity (LV) and force-velocity (FV) profiles, while Velocity-Restricted produced an FV profile to determine maximal velocity (LV-V ₀, FV-V ₀), absolute and relative load/force (L ₀, F ₀, rL ₀, rF ₀) and slope (S _LV, S _FV). Reliability estimates for the Absolute method: ICC 0.74–0.83, CV% 2.4–9.0% for males; ICC 0.57–0.87, CV% 2.4–11.6% for females. Modified: ICC 0.51–0.85, CV% 2.8–13.7% for males; ICC 0.16–0.80, CV% 2.9–17.1% for females. Velocity-Restricted: ICC 0.50–0.84, CV% 2.6–8.5% for males; ICC 0.10–0.55, CV% 4.2–21.7% for females. FV-V ₀ was significantly higher than LV-V ₀ (p < 0.001), showing LV and FV outputs are not interchangeable. No statistical differences between Absolute and Modified protocols suggest that the latter (5 m analysis) is a more time-efficient method. Differences in reliability highlight the need for sex-specific considerations when interpreting results.